Review of Popularity and Quality Standards of Opioid-Related Smartphone Apps
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MOBILE HEALTH (K GARRISON, SECTION EDITOR)
Review of Popularity and Quality Standards of Opioid-Related Smartphone Apps Roger Vilardaga 1 & Tykira Fisher 1 & Paige E. Palenski 1 & Viggy Kumaresan 1 & Paolo Mannelli 1 & Maggie M. Sweitzer 1 & Francis Joseph McClernon 1 & Matthew M. Engelhard 1 & Patricia L. Sabo 1 & Kathleen A. Garrison 2 Accepted: 27 October 2020 / Published online: 10 November 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Purpose of Review Opioid misuse, addiction, and related harm are a global crisis that affects public health and social and economic welfare. Many of the strategies being used to combat the opioid crisis could benefit from improved access and dissemination, such as that afforded by smartphone apps. The goal of this study was to characterize the purpose, audience, quality, and popularity of opioid-related smartphone apps. Using web scraping, available information from 619 opioid-related apps (e.g., popularity metrics) was downloaded from Google Play, and 59 apps met criteria for review. The apps were additionally coded for quality by two raters using an 8-item screener for the American Psychiatric Association App Evaluation Model. Recent Findings Sixty-one percent of apps targeted patients, 29% providers, 8% the general community, and 2% healthcare trainees. Regarding app purpose, 49% addressed treatment, 27% prevention, and 24% overdose. Only one app met all criteria on the screener for quality, and there was no association between a total score calculated for the screener and measures of app popularity (e.g., star ratings; R2 = 0.11, p = 0.19). Summary Opioid-related apps available for consumers addressed key stakeholders (patients, providers, community) and were consistent with strategies to address the opioid crisis (prevention, treatment, overdose). However, there was little evidence that available opioid-related apps meet basic quality standards, and no relationship was found between app quality and popularity. This review was conducted at the level of consumer decision-making (i.e., the app store), where only a handful of opioid-related apps met quality standards enough to warrant a more detailed evaluation of the app before recommendation for use. Because smartphone apps could be a critical tool to increase access to and utilization of opioid prevention, treatment, and recovery services, further development and testing is sorely needed. Keywords Opiate . Opioid use disorder . Overdose . Smartphone app . Mobile health . mHealth
Introduction
This article is part of the Topical Collection on Mobile Health * Roger Vilardaga [email protected] Kathleen A. Garrison [email protected] 1
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke School of Medicine, Erwin Terrace Building II, 2812 Erwin Rd, Box 13, Durham, NC 27705, USA
2
Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 1 Church Street, Suite 730, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a global epidemic, affecting over 16 million people and leading to 120,000 deaths per year wo
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