Review of the Analytical Methods for and Clinical Impact of Additives and Flavors Used in Electronic Cigarettes
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REVIEW PAPER
Review of the Analytical Methods for and Clinical Impact of Additives and Flavors Used in Electronic Cigarettes Vasudha Bansal1 · Beshare Hashemi2 · Nadeem Raza3 · Ki‑Hyun Kim2 · Waseem Raza4 · Pawan Kumar5 · Richard J. C. Brown6 Received: 23 June 2019 / Revised: 31 October 2019 / Accepted: 4 November 2019 © Springer Nature B.V. 2019
Abstract Electronic cigarettes (ECs) have recently become very popular among the population due to the various flavors available for vaping products. Consequently, manufacturers are trying to attract more users through the addition of various additives including nicotine, new flavors, and aromas. However, the inhalation of unknown and untested chemicals may cause health problems. Therefore, more clinical reports need to be collected for standardization of ECs for their effective regulation. However, detailed compositional information for EC additives is not commonly available. The aim of this review is, therefore, to study the state-of-the-art methods that can be employed for the quantitative analysis of the composition of electronic cigarettes with respect to these additives and flavors along with the basic cigarette ingredient like nicotine (both before and after consumption). In addition, efforts have also been made to address the clinical impacts of vaping EC and its additives on both the organ and cellular level. It was found that the effect of flavorings in EC is clearly associated with pathogenicity at the molecular level and need of standardization of the usage of EC and its flavorings is urgently needed. Keywords Electronic cigarettes · Types of flavor · Aerosol analysis · Method development · Additives · Clinical effects
Introduction
Vasudha Bansal, Beshare Hashemi and Nadeem Raza have equally contributed as co-first authors to this work. * Ki‑Hyun Kim [email protected] 1
BioNEST (DBT‑BIRAC), Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh 160014, India
2
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
3
Govt. Emerson College, Multan Affiliated with Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
4
Institute of Adsorption and Inorganic Membrane, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, People’s Republic of China
5
Department of Nano Sciences and Materials, Central University of Jammu, Jammu 181143, India
6
Chemical, Medical, and Environmental Science Department, National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, UK
Cigarettes are regarded as a potent medium for delivering nicotine. Electronic cigarettes (ECs) are now marketed widely as alternative devices for nicotine delivery (Foulds et al. 2011; Hajek et al. 2017; Kuschner et al. 2011). Within a matter of 10–15 s, the inhaled nicotine from the EC goes into the bloodstream of the vaper (i.e., person who uses an EC). It is then absorbed into the bloodstream to travel to the brain, where it acts on the cholinergic receptors (Kuschner et al. 2011). Several chemical neurotransmitters (endogen
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