Risk-adapted treatment reduced chemotherapy exposure for clinical stage I pediatric testicular cancer
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Risk‑adapted treatment reduced chemotherapy exposure for clinical stage I pediatric testicular cancer Yun‑lin Ye1†, Zhuang‑fei Chen1,2†, Jun Bian2,3†, Hai‑tao Liang1 and Zi‑ke Qin1*
Abstract Background: Different from adult clinical stage I (CS1) testicular cancer, surveillance has been recommended for CS1 pediatric testicular cancer. However, among high-risk children, more than 50% suffer a relapse and progression during surveillance, and adjuvant chemotherapy needs to be administered. Risk-adapted treatment might reduce chemo‑ therapy exposure among these children. Methods: A decision model was designed and calculated using TreeAge Pro 2011 software. Clinical utilities such as the relapse rates of different groups during surveillance or after chemotherapy were collected from the literature. A survey of urologists was conducted to evaluate the toxicity of first-line and second-line chemotherapy. Using the decision analysis model, chemotherapy exposure of the risk-adapted treatment and surveillance strategies were com‑ pared based on this series of clinical utilities. One-way and two-way tests were applied to check the feasibility. Results: In the base case decision analysis of CS1 pediatric testicular cancer, risk-adapted treatment resulted in a lower exposure to chemotherapy than surveillance (average: 0.7965 cycles verse 1.3419 cycles). The sensitivity analysis demonstrated that when the relapse rate after primary chemotherapy was ≤ 0.10 and the relapse rate of the high-risk group was ≥ 0.40, risk-adapted treatment would result in a lower exposure to chemotherapy, without any association with the proportion of low-risk patients, the relapse rate of the low-risk group, the relapse rate after salvage chemo‑ therapy or the toxicity utility of second-line chemotherapy compared to first-line chemotherapy. Conclusions: Based on the decision analysis, risk-adapted treatment might decrease chemotherapy exposure for these high-risk patients, and an evaluation after orchiectomy was critical to this process. Additional clinical studies are needed to validate this statement. Background Despite the low incidence of pediatric testicular tumors, yolk sac tumors are the most common malignant type in children, which are very different from their adult counterparts [1–6]. Approximately 70% to 80% of pediatric *Correspondence: [email protected] † Yun-lin Ye, Zhuang-fei Chen and Jun Bian have contributed equally to this work 1 Department of Urology, Sun Yat‑Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
patients have clinical stage I (CS1) disease, and due to its hematogenous predilection for metastasis in children, primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) is not recommended for CS1 yolk sac tumors [1, 6, 7]. In a recent summary of the PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board and based on the r
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