Risk analysis of inhaled hexavalent chromium (Cr 6+ ) exposure on blacksmiths from industrial area
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Risk analysis of inhaled hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) exposure on blacksmiths from industrial area Katharina Oginawati 1 & Septian Hadi Susetyo 1 Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah 2
&
Fiona Aulia Rosalyn 1 & Setyo Budi Kurniawan 2 &
Received: 10 August 2020 / Accepted: 9 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Chromium (Cr) is used as a mixture to improve strength and corrosion resistance. Milling and welding processes can expose workers to Cr through dermal exposure and inhalation. Cr exposure can be determined by urine testing. The purpose of this study was to analyze the concentration of Cr in urine (UCr) of workers. This study was carried out using a cross-sectional method. Sampling was conducted in the village of Mekarmaju, Bandung, Indonesia. The number of respondents included 30 blacksmiths, and the control group comprised 10 people who were not blacksmiths. Cr6+ exposure was measured using a personal sampling pump placed on the collar of the worker’s shirt as a breathing zone and then analyzed using a UV–visible spectrophotometer. UCr was measured with a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The measured Cr6+ concentration in the exposed working area ranged from 0.03 to 0.63 mg/m3, whereas that in non-exposed area ranged from 0.02 to 0.04 mg/m3. Results showed that 16 out of 30 blacksmiths had a UCr concentration above the biological exposure index (BEI) value, 21 had a higher value than the threshold limit value (TLV), and 22 had hazard index (HI) values > 1, which indicated that Cr has a hazardous potential in the body. The analysis of the exposed and control groups showed a significant difference with a p value of 0.000 for TLV, chronic daily intake, and UCr. These results clearly showed that Cr6+ exposure may harm the health of these workers in the future. The results obtained in this study can be used to promote workers’ awareness on the potential health risk caused by Cr6+ exposure in the working environment. Keywords Blacksmith . Chromium . Heavy metal . Inhalation exposure . Urine
Responsible Editor: Lotfi Aleya * Septian Hadi Susetyo [email protected] Katharina Oginawati [email protected] Fiona Aulia Rosalyn [email protected] Setyo Budi Kurniawan [email protected] Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah [email protected] 1
Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ghanesa No 10, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
2
Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Introduction Chromium (Cr) is a transition element that belongs to group VIB in the periodic table, and it is found naturally in rocks, soil, plants, dust, and gas (Purwanti et al. 2017a). Cr has an oxidation number between Cr2− and Cr6+ (Fernández et al. 2012), but it is commonly found in nature as trivalent [Cr+3 or Cr(III)] and hexavalent Cr [Cr6+ or Cr(VI)] (Pur
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