RNA sequencing: new technologies and applications in cancer research
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REVIEW
RNA sequencing: new technologies and applications in cancer research Mingye Hong1†, Shuang Tao2†, Ling Zhang3, Li‑Ting Diao2, Xuanmei Huang1, Shaohui Huang1, Shu‑Juan Xie2, Zhen‑Dong Xiao2* and Hua Zhang1*
Abstract Over the past few decades, RNA sequencing has significantly progressed, becoming a paramount approach for tran‑ scriptome profiling. The revolution from bulk RNA sequencing to single-molecular, single-cell and spatial transcrip‑ tome approaches has enabled increasingly accurate, individual cell resolution incorporated with spatial information. Cancer, a major malignant and heterogeneous lethal disease, remains an enormous challenge in medical research and clinical treatment. As a vital tool, RNA sequencing has been utilized in many aspects of cancer research and therapy, including biomarker discovery and characterization of cancer heterogeneity and evolution, drug resistance, cancer immune microenvironment and immunotherapy, cancer neoantigens and so on. In this review, the latest studies on RNA sequencing technology and their applications in cancer are summarized, and future challenges and opportunities for RNA sequencing technology in cancer applications are discussed. Keywords: RNA sequencing, Application, Cancer Background Cancer remains one of the major malignant diseases that endangers human life and health and comprises complex biological systems that require accurate and comprehensive analysis. Since the first appearance of high-throughput sequencing in 2005 [1], it has become possible to understand life activities at the molecular level and to conduct detailed research to elucidate the genome and transcriptome. As an essential part of high-throughput sequencing, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), especially single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), provides biological information on a single tumor cell, analyzes the determinants of intratumor expression heterogeneity and identifies the molecular basis of formation of many *Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] † Mingye Hong and Shuang Tao have contributed equally to this work 1 Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China 2 Biotherapy Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
oncological diseases [2, 3]. Thus, RNA sequencing offers invaluable insights for cancer research and treatment. With the advent of the era of precision medicine, RNA sequencing will be widely used for research on many different types of cancer. This review summarizes the history of the development of RNA sequencing and focuses on the latest studies of RNA sequencing technology in cancer applications, especially single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptome sequencing. In addition, we provide a general introduction to the current bioinformatics analysis tools used for RNA se
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