Road Pricing: Theory, Empirical Assessment and Policy
Road pricing (tolls, etc.) as a means of generating revenue for infrastructure investment has become a major policy option in both Europe and North America. It can also be used as a policy in the management of traffic demand and flow, environmental object
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Transportation Research, Economics and Policy VOLUME 3 Editorial Board
Yossi Berechman Department of Economics & Public Policy, Tel Aviv University, Israel
Peter Nijkamp Department of Regional, Urban & Environmental Economics, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Kenneth Small Department of Economics, University of California at Irvine, U.S.A.
The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.
ROAD PRICING: Theory, Empirical Assessment aud Policy
edited by
Borje Johansson and Lars-Goran Mattsson of Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Road pricing : theory, empirical assessment and poliey / edited by Borje Johansson and Lars-Goran Mattsson. p. em. -- (Transportation researeh, eeonomies and poliey : v. 3)
Includes index. ISBN 978-94-010-4424-0 ISBN 978-94-011-0980-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-0980-2 1. Roads--Finanee--Congresses. 2. Urban transportation poliey-Congresses. 3. Transportation--Planning--Congresses. 4. Toll roads--Congresses. 1. Johansson, B. (Borje) II. Mattsson, L.-G. (Lars-Goran), 1947- III. Series. HE335.R58 1994 338.1' 14--de20 94-34800 CIP
Copyright © 1995 Springer Seience+Business Media New York Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1995 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1995 AII rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, meehanical, photo-eopying, reeording, or otherwise, without the prior written permis sion of the publisher, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
Printed on acid-free paper.
v
Contents Preface .............................................................................................................. vii Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 1. THEORY
1.
Principles of Road Pricing .................................................................................. 7 Barie Johansson and Lars-Garan Mattsson
2.
Road Pricing as an Instrument in Traffic Management ................................... 35 Kenneth Button
3.
A Conceptual Framework for Pricing Congestion and Road Damage ............ 57 Timothy D. Hau
4.
Existence of Optimal Tolls under Conditions of Stochastic User-Equilibria .. 65 Tony E. Smith, Erik Anders Eriksson, and Per Olov Lindberg
II. EMPIRICAL KNOWLEDGE 5.
Willingness to Pay for Time Savings: The Trondheim Toll Road Experiences ...................................................................................................... 91 Terie Tretvik
6.
An Evaluation of the Impact of the Oslo Toll Scheme on Travel Behaviour .................................... :.................................................................. 107 F arideh Ramierdi
7.
Congestion Metering in Cambridge City, United Kingdom .......................... 131 Brian Oldridge
III. POLICY 8.
Road Pricing or Transport Planning? ...........
