Robust design optimization of retaining wall backfilled with shredded tire in the face of earthquake hazards
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Robust design optimization of retaining wall backfilled with shredded tire in the face of earthquake hazards Nadarajah Ravichandran 1 & Lei Wang 2 & Parishad Rahbari 1 & C. Hsein Juang 1,3 Received: 16 October 2019 / Accepted: 29 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract A systematic robust design optimization methodology is presented in this study for cantilever retaining wall backfilled with shredded tire in the face of earthquake hazards. Regarding the merits of application of shredded tire backfill in seismically active areas, the uncertainties in properties of this material (e.g., friction angle and cohesion) as well as uncertainties in earthquake load (e.g., peak ground acceleration) necessitate examining the robustness of design along cost efficiency in geotechnical design procedures. The wall tip deflection was treated as the response of concern for which a response surface was developed based on the design and random (uncertain) variables. Coupling with Monte Carlo simulations, the optimization in terms of cost and standard deviation of response as a measure of robustness yielded a set of preferred designs, or Pareto front, and the final optimal design was determined via selection procedures based on knee point concept. Keywords Uncertainty . Design optimization . Retaining wall . Earthquake hazard
Introduction Recent studies show that a beneficial method for recycling waste tires is utilizing the shredded tire in geotechnical and geological engineering purposes such as embankment, road beds, soil improvement, drainage in landfill, and backfill for retaining structures (Eldin and Senouci 1992; Bosscher et al. 1997; Reddy et al. 2009; Humphrey et al. 1993; Tweedie et al. 1998; Lee et al. 1999; Ravichandran and Huggins 2013; * Lei Wang [email protected] Nadarajah Ravichandran [email protected] Parishad Rahbari [email protected] C. Hsein Juang [email protected] 1
Glenn Department of Civil Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
2
Department of Civil Engineering, University of the District of Columbia, Washington, DC 20008, USA
3
Department of Civil Engineering, National Central University, Chung-Li City, Tao-Yuan 32011, Taiwan
Shrestha et al. 2016; Djadouni et al. 2019). The applicability of shredded tire as an economical alternative for conventional soil backfill of retaining walls has been previously examined under dynamic loading condition compared to conventional backfill (Ravichandran and Huggins 2013; Reddy and Krishna 2015; Shrestha et al. 2016; Rahbari et al. 2016). The experimental study by Reddy and Krishna (2015) also indicated that horizontal displacements can decrease to half when adding tire chips to sand backfill. Performing finite element dynamic analysis of various cases of cantilever retaining wall, Shrestha et al. (2016) showed that using shredded tire as backfill results in considerable reduction in wall tip deflection and structural demand. It was also reported that shredded tire backfill provides cost ef
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