Role of Astrocytes in Central Respiratory Chemoreception
Astrocytes perform various homeostatic functions in the nervous system beyond that of a supportive or metabolic role for neurons. A growing body of evidence indicates that astrocytes are crucial for central respiratory chemoreception. This review presents
- PDF / 702,728 Bytes
- 37 Pages / 439.37 x 666.142 pts Page_size
- 13 Downloads / 187 Views
ract Astrocytes perform various homeostatic functions in the nervous system beyond that of a supportive or metabolic role for neurons. A growing body of evidence indicates that astrocytes are crucial for central respiratory chemoreception. This review presents a classical overview of respiratory central chemoreception and the new evidence for astrocytes as brainstem sensors in the respiratory response to hypercapnia. We review properties of astrocytes for chemosensory function and for modulation of the respiratory network. We propose that astrocytes not only mediate between CO2/H+ levels and motor responses, but they also allow for two emergent functions: (1) Amplifying the responses of intrinsic chemosensitive neurons through feedforward signaling via gliotransmitters and; (2) Recruiting non-intrinsically chemosensitive cells thanks to volume spreading of signals (calcium waves and gliotransmitters) to regions distant from the CO2/H+ sensitive domains. Thus, astrocytes may both increase the intensity of the neuron responses at the chemosensitive sites and recruit of a greater number of respiratory neurons to participate in the response to hypercapnia.
Keywords Respiratory rhythm Central chemoreception Raphe nuclei Locus coeruleus nuclei Retrotrapezoid nuclei Brainstem Glia Gliotransmitters Astrocytes
Abbreviations 5-HT ACh aCSF AMPAR ANP
5-hydroxytryptamine (Serotonin) Acetylcholine Artificial cerebrospinal fluid α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor Atrial natriuretic peptide
J.E. León (&) M.J. Olivares S. Beltrán-Castillo Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), PO 9170022, Santiago, Chile e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 R. von Bernhardi (ed.), Glial Cells in Health and Disease of the CNS, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 949, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-40764-7_6
109
110
ATP CA CCHS CNS CNO CO2 CNQX
J.E. León et al.
Adenosine triphosphate Carbonic anhydrase enzyme Central congenital hypoventilation syndrome Central nervous system Clozapine-N-oxide Carbon dioxide 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione—competitive AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist cNTS Caudal nucleus tractus solitarius CSF Cerebrospinal fluid cVLM Caudal ventrolateral medulla cVRG Caudal ventral respiratory group Cx Connexins DRC Dorsal respiratory columns EPSP Excitatory postsynaptic potentials GABA γ-aminobutyric acid GFAP Glial fibrillary acidic protein KF Pontine Kölliker-Fuse nucleus KO Knock out LC Locus coeruleus LDT Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus LPBR Lateral parabrachial nucleus LTP Long-term potentiation mRVLM Medial portion of the rostral ventrolateral medulla MS Methionine sulfoximine NK1R Neurokinin 1 receptor NMDA N-methyl-D-aspartate NMDAR N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor NO Nitric oxide NTS Nucleus tractus solitarius PaCO2 Partial arterial pressure of carbon dioxide PCO2 Partial pressure of carbon dioxide PaO2 Partial arterial pressure of oxygen PF-LHA Perifornical-lateral hy
Data Loading...
