Role of environmental factors in shaping the soil microbiome
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Role of environmental factors in shaping the soil microbiome Waqar Islam 1,2,3
&
Ali Noman 4 & Hassan Naveed 5 & Zhiqun Huang 1,2 & Han Y. H. Chen 1,2,3
Received: 18 April 2020 / Accepted: 10 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The soil microbiome comprises one of the most important and complex components of all terrestrial ecosystems as it harbors millions of microbes including bacteria, fungi, archaea, viruses, and protozoa. Together, these microbes and environmental factors contribute to shaping the soil microbiome, both spatially and temporally. Recent advances in genomic and metagenomic analyses have enabled a more comprehensive elucidation of the soil microbiome. However, most studies have described major modulators such as fungi and bacteria while overlooking other soil microbes. This review encompasses all known microbes that may exist in a particular soil microbiome by describing their occurrence, abundance, diversity, distribution, communication, and functions. Finally, we examined the role of several abiotic factors involved in the shaping of the soil microbiome. Keywords Environmental factors . Microbes . Terrestrial ecosystem . Composition . Interactions
Introduction Soil microbiome embeds interacting communities of bacteria, fungi, archaea, protozoa, and viruses (Jansson and Hofmockel 2020). Microbiome is an essential component of soil ecosystems, as the total biomass production by soil microorganisms is greater than plants or animals in providing a rich source of essential nutrients (Bar-On et al. 2018). Microbial biomass is estimated Waqar Islam, Ali Noman, and Hassan Naveed contributed equally to this manuscript. Responsible Editor: Robert Duran * Zhiqun Huang [email protected] * Han Y. H. Chen [email protected] 1
Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
2
Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
3
Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
4
Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
5
College of Life Science, Leshan Normal University, Leshan 614004, Sichuan, China
to contain approximately 1000 kg of carbon per hectare (Reef et al. 2010). Soil microbiome provides critical contributions to nutrient cycling, soil fertility maintenance, and carbon sequestration (Jacoby et al. 2017). Moreover, the soil microbiome directly and indirectly influences plant and animal health across diverse ecosystems (Bender et al. 2016). Soil microbiome research describes soil-inhabiting microorganisms and their metabolic activities, along with their roles in soil fertility. Incremental and methodical soil microbiome research has augmented our understanding of soil microbial diversity, along with facilitating the specific microbial control of soil processes (Rout 2014). In particular, DNA- and RNA-based inves
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