Rural attachment and income inequality in rural communities of Nigeria under the threat of cattle raiding
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Rural attachment and income inequality in rural communities of Nigeria under the threat of cattle raiding Saifullahi Sani Ibrahim . Huseyin Ozdeser . Behiye Cavusoglu . Aminu Abdullahi Shagali . Shu’aibu Mukhtar
Accepted: 3 November 2020 Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract While migration has long been recognised as a strategy of poverty reduction and income enhancement, the inequality that could arise among rural migrants due to their perceived differences in rural attachment has not been systematically addressed. Using a new index of rural attachment constructed with various components of human and non-human factors, this study reveals that emigrated low-income households were more attached to rural areas than richer households. Moreover, violent
conflicts, particularly cattle rustling, exert a strong negative impact on household income and the impact cuts across all households with different levels of income. Thus, it can be argued that conflict in resource-scarce communities could exacerbate the pre-existing rural–urban income inequalities. Keywords Income inequality Violent conflict Forced migration JEL Classification
S. S. Ibrahim (&) Department of Economics and Development Studies, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, KM 60 along KatsinaKankara Road, Dutsin-Ma P.M.B. 5001, Katsina State, Nigeria e-mail: [email protected] H. Ozdeser B. Cavusoglu Department of Economics, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus e-mail: [email protected] B. Cavusoglu e-mail: [email protected] A. A. Shagali Kaduna State House of Assembly, Kaduna, Kaduna State, Nigeria e-mail: [email protected] S. Mukhtar School of Social Sciences, Kebbi State Polytechnic, Dakingari, Nigeria e-mail: [email protected]
O15 I139 Q19
Introduction Livelihood in the pastoral economy is predominantly livestock-based in that the economic activities are hinged on sustainable livestock production. Fulani pastoralists still dominate livestock production in Nigeria, mostly as transhumant agro-pastoralists practicing seasonal transhumance in both dry and wet seasons across West Africa in search of pasture. The Fulani pastoralists represent the world’s dominant migratory ethnic group. While Fulani pastoralists are widely dispersed across West Africa, they constitute less than 10% of Nigeria’s population, and routinely sell milk, meat and other livestock produce to other tribes (Ducrotoy et al. 2018). The income generated through pastoralism is widely used to facilitate the production and consumption linkages from urban to
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rural areas, as pastoralists use livestock income to purchase locally manufactured goods, particularly diary and farming equipment (Ibrahim et al. 2020). Nigeria is increasingly deriving income through regional pastoral migration, which is linked with the exportation of beadwork, skin, hides and livestock to West African markets and brings significant foreign exchange to the Nigerian economy (Ibrahim and Shagali 2019). Migration driven by v
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