Salmonella enterica subspecies houtenae as an opportunistic pathogen in a case of meningoencephalomyelitis and bacteriur
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CASE REPORT
Open Access
Salmonella enterica subspecies houtenae as an opportunistic pathogen in a case of meningoencephalomyelitis and bacteriuria in a dog Melissa N. Andruzzi1* , Mary L. Krath2, Sara D. Lawhon2 and Beth Boudreau1
Abstract Background: We report the first case of canine Salmonella meningoencephalomyelitis and second case of canine Salmonella bacteriuria, as well as the first reported case of Salmonella enterica subspecies houtenae in a dog. Case presentation: Immunosuppressive treatment in a dog for a relapse of steroid-responsive meningitis and arteritis (SRMA) allowed for the opportunistic establishment of a bacteremia with Salmonella enterica subsp. houtenae, ultimately causing meningoencephalomyelitis and subclinical bacteriuria. The bacterial infections were treated with a four-month course of amoxicillin; clinical treatment success was determined by serial negative urine cultures and lack of clinical signs correlated to the meningoencephalomyelitis. Conclusions: Both the bacteriuria and meningoencephalomyelitis represented opportunistic infections in a dog immunosuppressed for SRMA. The clinical course of this infectious meningoencephalitis emphasizes the importance of differentiating relapse of initial disease from opportunistic infection occurring in a compromised central nervous system. The novel Salmonella species identified in this case acts as a reminder that infectious disease diagnostics should not be curbed by anecdotal prediction of routine pathogenic suspects. Keywords: SRMA (steroid-responsive meningitis arteritis), Salmonella enterica subspecies houtenae, Meningoencephalitis, Bacteriuria, Opportunistic infection
Background The genus Salmonella is comprised of two species: S. bongori and S. enterica. Salmonella enterica is further subdivided into 6 subspecies: enterica (I), salamae (II), arizonae (IIIa), diarizonae (IIIb), houtenae (IV), and indica (VI). Of these subspecies, subsp. enterica is the most common cause of disease in mammals and contains 2600 serovars that can be divided into typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars. Most * Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Department of Neurology, Texas A&M Small Animal Hospital, 408 Raymond Stotzer Pkwy, College Station, TX 77845, USA Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
commonly, NTS infections in humans and dogs induce gastroenteritis. Salmonella can be found in the fecal samples of healthy, non-diarrheic dogs. In one study conducted across 11 labs in the United States, almost 2500 fecal samples of dogs with and without diarrhea had an overall Salmonella prevalence of 3% (~ 50% of which were non-diarrheic) [1]. Additionally, there is marked variety of Salmonella spp. isolated from canine gastrointestinal flora; one study reported that 5.6% of healthy dogs were found to be Salmonella-positive based on fecal culture, with 35 different Salmonella isolates belonging to six serovars of subsp. enterica [2].
© The Author(s). 2020 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creati
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