Sarcopenic obesity: research advances in pathogenesis and diagnostic criteria
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REVIEW
Sarcopenic obesity: research advances in pathogenesis and diagnostic criteria Wen‑qing Xie1,5 · Ge‑lei Xiao2 · Yi‑bin Fan3 · Miao He1,5 · Shan Lv4 · Yu‑sheng Li1,5 Received: 30 September 2019 / Accepted: 28 November 2019 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019
Abstract Sarcopenic obesity (SO) refers to an obesity disease accompanied by low skeletal muscle quality, strength and/or function, which is more common in the elderly and seriously affects their quality of life and can lead to falls, unstable walking, balance disorders and fractures in the elderly. The increase in aging populations and the various health problems and medical costs associated with SO have aroused widespread concern in society. However, the pathogenesis of SO has not been fully clarified and the diagnostic criteria are not uniform, meaning that there are inconsistent data on the prevalence of SO and the potential correlation between SO and health outcomes. Therefore, we review the research progress on delineating the pathogenesis and diagnostic criteria of SO, to assist in the early diagnosis and evaluation of SO and subsequent interventions. Keywords Sarcopenia · Obesity · Sarcopenic obesity · Pathogenesis · Diagnostic criteria
Introduction Sarcopenia is a common syndrome of middle-aged and elderly people characterized by a decline in muscle mass, strength and function [1]. Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is a combination of sarcopenia and obesity with an average incidence rate of approximately 5–10%, increasing with age and especially prevalent in those aged 80 years or more [2–4]. Wen-qing Xie, Ge-lei Xiao and Yi-bin Fan contributed equally. * Shan Lv [email protected] * Yu‑sheng Li [email protected] 1
Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
2
Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
3
Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
4
Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
5
National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
Sarcopenia and obesity have independent and cumulative adverse effects on the health of the elderly, but SO has a greater effect on the morbidity and mortality of metabolic diseases [5] and cardiovascular diseases [6] than sarcopenia or obesity alone, and is significantly correlated with cognitive impairment [7]. The medical sequelae from SO are far more serious than those resulting from simple sarcopenia or obesity, thus SO is considered a major global threat to health and well-being [8]. The world population is aging rapidly, such that by 2050 it is expected that 22% of the total population will be over 60 years old, and approximately 5% over 80 years old [9]. The consequent increase in people suffer
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