SARS-CoV-2 host receptors ACE2 and CD147 (BSG) are present on human oocytes and blastocysts
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REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY AND DISEASE
SARS-CoV-2 host receptors ACE2 and CD147 (BSG) are present on human oocytes and blastocysts Wafaa Essahib 1 & Greta Verheyen 2 & Herman Tournaye 2 & Hilde Van de Velde 2 Received: 12 August 2020 / Accepted: 15 September 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Purpose To visualize SARS-CoV-2 host receptors ACE2 and CD147 on human oocytes and blastocysts. Methods Immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy on human primary oocytes and pre (5 days post fertilization (dpf5) and (dpf6))- and peri (dpf7)-implantation blastocysts donated to research. Results SARS-CoV-2 host receptors ACE2 and CD147 are present on the membrane of trophectoderm, epiblast and hypoblast cells in human blastocysts. CD147 is also present on the oolemma. Conclusion Theoretically, the earliest stages of embryonic development may be vulnerable for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Keywords SARS-Cov-2 . Human oocyte . Human blastocyst . ACE2 . BSG (CD147)
Introduction Since December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread over the globe. COVID-19 can be complicated by pneumonia, respiratory failure, systemic inflammation and coagulopathy [1]. The mortality rate is highest in elderly patients and those with comorbidities including obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. People at reproductive age usually experience mild or no symptoms. At current few data is available on the maternal and neonatal outcome after SARS-CoV-2 infection. In a small study, no adverse outcomes were reported in late third trimester pregnancies (37–41 weeks) [2]. However, a systematic review and meta-analysis on pregnancies and neonatal outcomes reported a higher risk of preterm birth, preeclampsia, caesarean section and perinatal death if the infection occurs in the early third trimester [3]. Another study reported an increased rate of maternal vascular hypoperfusion and intervillous thrombi in
* Hilde Van de Velde [email protected] 1
Research Group Reproduction and Immunology (REIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussel, Belgium
2
Center for Reproductive Medicine (CRG), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussel, Belgium
placentas of women with COVID-19 [4]. SARS-CoV-2 RNA [5, 6] and spike protein [6] have been found in syncytiotrophoblast of placentas from COVID-19 patients. Finally, two cases have been reported demonstrating viral RNA in the mother, neonate and placenta suggesting vertical transmission [5]. Little is known about maternal and neonatal outcomes after SARS-CoV-2 infection in the first and second trimester of pregnancy. During the acute phase of the pandemic, the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) and the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) advised IVF centres worldwide to discontinue their activities, except for urgent cases, e.g. oncofertility. This has been decided to ensure the s
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