School Health Services to Meet Adolescent Needs in the USA
Adolescents may not regularly visit healthcare providers unless required for sports, camp physicals, or urgent matters. The one consistent place they do frequent, however, is school. School health services (SHS) address health by providing first aid or em
- PDF / 237,641 Bytes
- 13 Pages / 504.567 x 720 pts Page_size
- 88 Downloads / 215 Views
27
Erin D. Maughan and Martha Dewey Bergren
Introduction Adolescents may not regularly visit healthcare providers unless required for sports, camp physicals, or urgent matters. The one consistent place they do frequent, however, is school. School health services (SHS) programs meet adolescents where they are, and provide the care and health prevention they need for adolescents to stay in school, graduate and become productive, healthy citizens. Interventions in schools impact adolescent behavior (Busch et al. 2013). This chapter will explain current SHS in the USA, as well as challenges and future initiatives to address the needs of adolescents. The purpose of SHS in the USA has always focused on the health needs of students and fits within the larger schema of where education and health meet. During the early 1980s, the Coordinated School Health Model, a three-pronged approach, was introduced to meet student health needs by providing health education, health services, and a healthy environment (Lewallen et al. 2015; Institute of Medicine 1997). This idea was
E.D. Maughan (&) National Association of School Nurses, Silver Spring, MD, USA e-mail: [email protected] M.D. Bergren Advanced Population Health, Health Systems Leadership and Informatics, University of Illinois Chicago College of Nursing, Chicago, USA
not new and was the implicit emphasis of SHS since it was developed in the late 1800s. The Coordinated School Health Model was expanded in 1987 to include a comprehensive eight-pronged approach of essential public health principles of school health (Lewallen et al. 2015). This comprehensive model included the following: (1) health education, (2) physical education, (3) nutrition services, (4) school health services, (5) counseling and psychological services, (6) staff promotion, (7) healthy school environment, and (8) parent/community involvement. The model illustrates how each of these areas works together to meet the needs of the student. In 2014, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Center for Disease Control and Prevention) and Association of Supervision and Curriculum Development (formally known as the Association of Supervision and Curriculum Development) introduced a new model that incorporated new evidence and knowledge developed since the 1980s (Lewallen et al. 2015). The new model, ‘The Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child (WSCC)’, expanded the comprehensive model to include 10 components (see Fig. 27.1). The 10 components include the following: (1) health education; (2) physical education and physical activity; (3) nutrition environment and services; (4) health services; (5) counseling, psychological, and social services; (6) social and emotional climate; (7) physical environment; (8) employee wellness; (9) family engagement; and (10) community
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 A.L. Cherry et al. (eds.), International Handbook on Adolescent Health and Development, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-40743-2_27
511
512
Fig. 27.1 Whole school, whole community, whole chil
Data Loading...
