Science, Technology and the Military
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SOCIOLOGY OF THE SCIENCES
A YEARBOOK
Managing Editor: R. D. Whitley Manchester Business School, University of Manchester
Editorial Board: G. Bohme, Technische Hochschule, Darmstadt N. Elias, Amsterdam Y. Ezrahi, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem L. Graham, Massachusetts Institute of Technology T. Lenoir, University of Pennsylvania E. Mendelsohn, Harvard University H. Nowotny, European Centre for Social Welfare Training and Research, Vienna
Claire Salomon-Bayet, Paris R. Schwartz-Cowan, State University of New York at Stony Brook T. Shinn, Groupe d'Etude des Methodes de l'Analyse Sociologique, Paris P. Weingart, University of Bielefeld
VOLUME XII/2 -
1988
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND THE MILITARY Edited by EVERETT MENDELSOHN Harvard University
MERRITT ROE SMITH Massachusetts Institute of Technology
and PETER WEINGART University of Bielefeld
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Seienee, teehnoloqy, and the mi1itary / edited by Everett Mendelsohn, Merritt Roe Sm1th, Peter Wein'1art. p. om. -- (Soeio1oqy of the aeieneell I v. 12) Includ•• index. ISBN 978-90-481-8455-2 DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-2958-1
ISBN 978-94-017-2958-1 (eBook)
1. H11itary art and lIeienee--History--20th century. 2. Technol09y--Hiatory--20th eentury. 3. Technol09Y and state-Hi.tory--20th eentury. 4. Munitions--Hiatory--20th century. 5. World polities--20th century. 1. Mendelsohn, Everett. II. Saith, Merritt Roe, 1940• III. Wein'1art, Peter. IV. Seriell. U42.S35 1989 355'.009'04--dc19 88-12876
prillfl'd 1111 acid/iol'l' papa
AU Rights Reserved © 1988 by Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Origina1ly published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1988 Softcover reprint of the hardcover lst edition 1988 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VOLUMEXW2 PARTm Transformation of Industry and Medicine JONATHAN COOPERSMITH / The Role of the Military in the Electrification of Russia 1870-1890 JOHN KENLY SMITH, JR. / World War II and the Transformation of the American Chemical Industry EDWARD M. BROWN / Between Cowardice and Insanity: Shellshock and the Legitimation of the Neuroses in Great Britain
291 307 323
PART IV Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear Power ULRICH ALBRECHT / The Development of the First Atomic Bomb in the USSR JAMES G. HERSHBERG / 'Over My Dead Body': James Bryant Conant and the Hydrogen Bomb GILBERT WHITTEMORE / A Crystal Ball in the Shadows of Nuremberg and Hiroshima: The Ethical Debate Over Human Experimentation to Develop a Nuclear Powered Bomber, 1946-1951
349 379
431
Table of Contents
vi
PART V R&D: Military, Industry and the Academy
DANIEL J. KEVLES I An Analytical Look at R&D and the Arms Race PHlllP GUMMETI I The Government of Military R&D in Britain JUDITH REPPY I The Government of Military R&D: A Comparativ
