Seasonal Variation in Metabolic Syndrome Components: How Much Do They Influence the Diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome?
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Seasonal Variation in Metabolic Syndrome Components: How Much Do They Influence the Diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome? Mattias Carlström
Published online: 16 November 2010 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010
Abstract Obesity and hypertension are increasing problems worldwide, resulting in an enormous economic burden to the society. The metabolic syndrome components (ie, central obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hypertension) are used to identify individuals at high risk of developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. The cause of the syndrome is not yet clear, but insulin resistance and dyslipidemia have been proposed. Emerging evidence suggest that increased visceral adipose tissue stimulates secretion of bioactive compounds that promote inflammation, oxidative stress, and impair lipid metabolism and vascular relaxation. Interestingly, all components of the metabolic syndrome display seasonal variation, and hence may influence diagnosis. The seasonal variability in metabolic components is partly explained by changes in climate and lifestyle factors (eg, physical activity and diet). The clinical role for seasonal variations in metabolic risk factors remains to be further elucidated. However, the new findings indicate that seasonal variation should be considered in diagnosis and management decisions. Keywords Adipokine . Adipose tissue . Age . ATP III, cardiovascular disease . Cholesterol . DASH . Diabetes . Diet . Dyslipidemia . Gender . Gene polymorphism . Hypertension . High-density lipoprotein . IDF . Insulin M. Carlström (*) Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Georgetown University, Building D, Room 380, 4000 Reservoir Road, Washington, DC 20057, USA e-mail: [email protected] M. Carlström Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
resistance . Low-density lipoprotein . NCEP . Nitrate . Nitric oxide . Obesity . Oxidative stress . Vitamin D
Introduction Obesity and hypertension are increasing problems worldwide, resulting in an enormous economic burden to the society [1, 2]. The metabolic syndrome is a combination of medical abnormalities including central (intra-abdominal) obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hypertension [2]. It is estimated that around 25% of the world´s adult population have the metabolic syndrome, and the ultimate importance of the metabolic syndrome cluster is to identify individuals at a high risk of developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes [3••]. This clustering of metabolic abnormalities that occur in the same individual appear to present a considerably higher cardiovascular risk compared with the sum of the risk associated with each abnormality. Individuals with the metabolic syndrome are twice as likely to have a heart attack or stroke compared with people without the syndrome. In addition, metabolic syndrome is associated with fivefold greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes [4]. Although of lower prevalence than in the United States, overweight and metabolic s
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