Security Protocols XVI 16th International Workshop, Cambridge, UK, A
This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-proceedings of the 16th International Workshop on Security Protocols, SP 2008, held in Cambridge, UK, in April 2008. The 17 revised full papers presented together with edited transcriptions of some of the
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Abstract Depth profiles of sulfur species, including sulfide oxidation intermediates (zero-valent sulfur and thiosulfate), nutrients, metals (Mn, Fe), oxygen, temperature, salinity, and turbidity, were measured in the Gotland Deep, at the eastern Gotland Basin, in July 2007. We found that the highest concentrations of more oxidized sulfide oxidation intermediate, thiosulfate, were located below the highest concentrations of zero-valent sulfur. We explain this paradox by bacterial nitrate reduction coupled with thiosulfate oxidation. The same process using zerovalent sulfur is less effective due to particulate form of the latter. Oxic water intrusions were traced in both the redox transition zone (RTZ) and deep water column by decrease in concentrations of reduced nitrogen and sulfur species (sulfide, zero-valent sulfur, and thiosulfate) as well as by increase in nitrate concentration. Two turbidity maxima were found in the RTZ. Turbidity maximum, which coincides with past oxic water intrusion, was found in the deep sulfide-rich water layer. Profiles of metals and nutrients in most of the profiles indicate as well unstability of the redoxcline and oxic water intrusions at and below the redoxcline.
A. Kamyshny Jr. ð*Þ Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemu¨nde, Seestrasse 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany Department of Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsuisstrasse 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park 20742, MD, USA e-mail: [email protected] E.V. Yakushev Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalleen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway Southern Branch of P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Okeanologiya, Gelendzhik – 7, 353470 Krasnodarsky Kray, Russia G. Jost Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemu¨nde, Seestrasse 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany O.I. Podymov Southern Branch of P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Okeanologiya, Gelendzhik – 7, 353470 Krasnodarsky Kray, Russia E.V. Yakushev (ed.), Chemical Structure of Pelagic Redox Interfaces: Observation and Modeling, Hdb Env Chem (2013) 22: 95–120, DOI 10.1007/698_2010_83, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010, Published online: 17 August 2010
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Keywords Baltic Sea, Gotland Deep, Hydrogen sulfide, Stratified basin, Sulfide oxidation, Thiosulfate, Zero-valent sulfur Contents 1 2
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Materials and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 2.1 Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 2.2 Analytical Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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