Selenium in HIV/AIDS
Selenium (Se) supplementation in people living with HIV (PLWH) has demonstrated benefits in terms of HIV disease progression, morbidity, and mortality. The HIV pandemic continues to be a major health priority worldwide, and the life span of PLWH increases
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Selenium in HIV/AIDS Adriana Campa, Sabrina Sales Martinez, and Marianna K. Baum
Abstract Selenium (Se) supplementation in people living with HIV (PLWH) has demonstrated benefits in terms of HIV disease progression, morbidity, and mortality. The HIV pandemic continues to be a major health priority worldwide, and the life span of PLWH increases due to the life-prolonging effects of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Subsequently, nutritional interventions become critical as adjuvant therapies. Nutritional interventions assist in the recuperation of the immune system, preventing nutritional deficiencies, and limiting oxidative stress damage, especially in an aging population on chronic ART. Se status influences HIV disease progression through its role in modulating cytokine signaling for the activation of the immune system and through its antioxidant activity. In addition, this chapter reviews other aspects of the relationship between HIV/AIDS and Se status and Se supplementation, such as associations with vaginal HIV shedding, mitochondrial damage, and HIV transmission. Keywords Antioxidant • HIV • Immunity • Nutrition • Nutrition deficiency • Oxidative stress • Selenium • Selenium supplementation
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Introduction
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported an incidence of approximately 50,000 new cases of HIV infection in the United States in 2015. Currently there are approximately 1.2 million people, aged 13 and older, living with HIV/AIDS in this country [1]. In countries with access to ART and behavioral prevention interventions, the incidence of adult cases has decreased. The introduction of successful interventions during pregnancy, such as universal maternal HIV testing, perinatal and post-natal care, have dramatically reduced the incidence of pediatric HIV/AIDS worldwide [2].
A. Campa (*) • S.S. Martinez • M.K. Baum Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA e-mail: campaa@fiu.edu © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2016 D.L. Hatfield et al. (eds.), Selenium, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-41283-2_28
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The HIV pandemic, however, is still a major public health concern worldwide. This is especially evident in limited-resource countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, where the HIV epidemic is superimposed on the high proportion of severe malnutrition in regions where this condition is prevalent [3]. In 2013, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported 2.1 million new infections in low- and middle-income countries, a reduction compared with previous years. By the end of 2013, an estimated 35 million people were living with HIV worldwide; and of those, 37 % were receiving ART. The WHO goal of 15 million in treatment by the end of 2015 has been surpassed, and 15.8 million PLWH were receiving ART globally as of mid-2015 [4]. Poor nutritional status affects immune function independent of HIV infection [5, 6], and the mortality rate is increased among PLWH who are malnourished, even among th
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