Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers
Communications can be broadly defined as the transfer of information from one point to another. In optical fibre communications, this transfer is achieved by using light as the information carrier. There has been an exponential growth in the deployment an
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Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers by
Michael J. Connelly University of Limerick, Ireland
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW
eBook ISBN: Print ISBN:
0-306-48156-1 0-7923-7657-9
©2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow Print ©2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht All rights reserved
No part of this eBook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher
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For my parents Michael and Margeret and brother Brendan
Contents
Preface
ix
INTRODUCTION
1
BASIC PRINCIPLES
7
STRUCTURES
21
MATERIALS
43
MODELLING
69
BASIC NETWORK APPLICATIONS
97
FUNCTIONAL APPLICATIONS
127
Index
167
vii
Preface
Communications can be broadly defined as the transfer of information from one point to another. In optical fibre communications, this transfer is achieved by using light as the information carrier. There has been an exponential growth in the deployment and capacity of optical fibre communication technologies and networks over the past twenty-five years. This growth has been made possible by the development of new optoelectronic technologies that can be utilised to exploit the enormous potential bandwidth of optical fibre. Today, systems are operational which operate at aggregate bit rates in excess of 100 Gb/s. Such high capacity systems exploit the optical fibre bandwidth by employing wavelength division multiplexing. Optical technology is the dominant carrier of global information. It is also central to the realisation of future networks that will have the capabilities demanded by society. These capabilities include virtually unlimited bandwidth to carry communication services of almost any kind, and full transparency that allows terminal upgrades in capacity and flexible routing of channels. Many of the advances in optical networks have been made possible by the advent of the optical amplifier. In general, optical amplifiers can be divided into two classes: optical fibre amplifiers and semiconductor amplifiers. The former has tended to dominate conventional system applications such as in-line amplification used to compensate for fibre losses. However, due to advances in optical semiconductor fabrication techniques and device design, especially over the last five years, the semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) is showing great promise for use in evolving optical communication networks. It can be utilised as a general gain unit but also has many functional applications including an optical switch, modulator and wavelength converter. These ix
x
Introduction
functions, where there is no conversion of optical signals into the electrical domain, are required in transparent optical networks. It is the intention of this book to provide the reader with a comprehensive introduction to the
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