Shifting Baselines The Past and the Future of Ocean Fisheries
Shifting Baselines explores the real-world implications of a groundbreaking idea: we must understand the oceans of the past to protect the oceans of the future. In 1995, acclaimed marine biologist Daniel Pauly coined the term "shifting baselines" to descr
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Shifting Baselines the past and the future of ocean fisheries
edited by
Jeremy B. C. Jackson, Karen E. Alexander, and Enric Sala
Washington | Covelo | London
Copyright © 2011 Island Press All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher: Island Press, 1718 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20009 Island Press is a trademark of The Center for Resource Economics. Figures designed by Sherry Palmer Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Shifting baselines : the past and the future of ocean fisheries / edited by Jeremy B.C. Jackson Karen Alexander, and Enric Sala. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-1-61091-000-2 (hardback) ISBN-10: 1-61091-000-1 (cloth) ISBN-13: 978-1-61091-001-9 (paper) 1. Fisheries—History. 2. Fishery management. I. Jackson, Jeremy B. C., 1942– II. Alexander, Karen, 1951 III. Sala, Enric. SH211.S45 2011 338.3′727—dc22 2011005032
Printed on recycled, acid-free paper
Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Keywords: fisheries management, marine ecosystems, biodiversity, historical ecology, maximum sustainable yield, fishing down the food web, anchovy, sardine, cod
We dedicate this book to our friend and colleague Daniel Pauly for his fundamental insight in how problems of shifting baselines shape and distort our lives.
contents
Introduction: The Importance of Shifting Baselines jeremy b. c. jackson and karen e. alexander PART I
1
THE PROBLEM DEFINED
9
Chapter 1
A Shoreline Remembrance carl safina
13
Chapter 2
The “March of Folly” in Global Fisheries u. rashid sumaila and daniel pauly
21
Chapter 3
If a Frond Falls in the Kelp Forest (does it make any sound?) randy olson
33
PART II ANCHOVIES AND SARDINES
43
Chapter 4
The Sardine-Anchovy Puzzle alec d. maccall
47
Chapter 5
Variations in Fisheries and Complex Ocean Environments david b. field, francisco chavez, carina b. lange, and paul e. smith
PART III Chapter 6
Chapter 7
COD The Historical Abundance of Cod on the Nova Scotian Shelf w. jeffrey bolster, karen e. alexander, and william b. leavenworth History and Context: Reflections from Newfoundland daniel vickers, with loren mcclenachan
59
77
79
115
PART IV METHODS IN HISTORICAL MARINE ECOLOGY
135
Chapter 8
Uncovering the Ocean’s Past heike k. lotze, jon m. erlandson, marah j. hardt, richard d. norris, kaustuv roy, tim d. smith, and christine r. whitcraft
137
Chapter 9
Whales, Logbooks, and DNA stephen r. palumbi
163
PART V FROM FISHERIES MANAGEMENT TO ECOSYSTEMS
175
Chapter 10 Management in the Gulf of Maine andrew a. rosenberg, karen e. alexander, and jamie m. cournane
177
Chapter 11 Lessons from Coral Reefs enric sala and jeremy b. c. jackson
193
Chapter 12 Epilogue: Shifting Baselines for the Future jeremy b. c. jackson and karen e. alexander
205
Notes
207
Contributors
275
Index
283
Introduction: The Importance
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