SiGe@Cu films as stable and high energy density anodes for lithium-ion microbatteries
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
SiGe@Cu films as stable and high energy density anodes for lithium-ion microbatteries Nasr Bensalah 1
&
Khadiga A. Mohamed 2 & Mohanad Abdullah 1 & Hocine Merabet 2
Received: 28 June 2020 / Accepted: 9 November 2020 # Qatar University and Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract In this work, the deposition of stoichiometric SiGe alloy on Cu substrate by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering was examined. The structure, morphology, and composition of the SiGe@Cu were identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman scattering, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The presence of Ge–Ge and Si–Si bonds at 254 and 477 cm−1 in Raman spectrum confirmed an amorphous morphology for SiGe films. To evaluate the electrochemical performance of SiGe@Cu anodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) tests were conducted in the potential range 0.05–1.2 V vs Li+/Li. The results of the CV test showed three reduction peaks in the first discharge cycle, and two oxidation peaks during the first charge cycle. These peaks proved that the reactions of lithiation and delithiation occurred on SiGe solid solution with formation of ternary LixSiyGey alloy. The voltage profiles of SiGe@Cu film anodes depicted lithiation and delithiation plateaus during GCD cycling. SiGe@Cu film anode exhibited a stable capacity during the 10 first GCD cycles. SEM-EDX analysis of cycled SiGe@Cu anode revealed that mechanical fractures and cracks were developed on the electrode surface disconnecting the particles from each other and leading to specific capacity fading. This problem can be overcome using carbon-based flexible current collectors. Keywords Li-ion microbatteries . Silicon-based anodes . Thin film deposition . RF magnetron sputtering . Electrochemical performance
1 Introduction Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are attracting more and more interests as electrochemical storage devices in battery technology due to their energy and power densities, long lifetimes, good stability, and lightweight designs [1–7]. However, higher capacity storage devices other than commercial LIBs are straightaway needed for future large-scale applications in electrical and hybrid vehicles and renewable energy sector forcing LIBs to satisfy these needs, and overcome the challenges [1–3, 7]. It is well-documented that the electrode materials strongly affect the capabilities of LIBs [2, 8, 9]. The development of advanced materials with enhanced capability * Nasr Bensalah [email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
2
Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
to store or intercalate more Li+ ions would result in boosting the electrochemical properties of LIBs to better performance. Historically, the anode materials in conventional LIBs are based on carbon graphite [2, 5, 10, 11]. These carbon-based anodes
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