Sight and Embodiment in the Middle Ages

This book breaks new ground by bringing postmodern writings on vision and embodiment into dialogue with medieval texts and images: an interdisciplinary strategy that illuminates and complicates both cultures. This is an invaluable reference work for anyon

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SIGHT AND EMBODIMENT IN THE MIDDLE AGES

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SIGHT AND EMBODIMENT IN THE MIDDLE AGES

Suzannah Biernoff

© Suzannah Biernoff 2002 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2002 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 0LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2002 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-42722-2

ISBN 978-0-230-50835-4 (eBook)

DOI 10.1057/9780230508354 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Biernoff, Suzannah. Sight and embodiment in the Middle Ages / Suzannah Biernoff. p. cm.—(New Middle Ages) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–333–96120–X 1. Vision—History—To 1500. 2. Body, Human (Philosophy)— History—To 1500. 3. Vision—Religious aspects—Christianity— History of doctrines—Middle Ages, 600–1500. 4. Body, Human— Religious aspects—Christianity—History of doctrines—Middle Ages, 600–1500. I. Title. II. New Middle Ages (Palgrave Macmillan (Firm)) BD214 .B54 2002 152.14¢09¢02—dc21 2001056045 10 9 8 11 10 09

7 6 5 08 07 06

4 3 2 1 05 04 03 02

For David

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CONTENTS

List of Figures Acknowledgements Introduction: Medieval Vision in Perspective

ix x 1

PART I CARNAL VISION 1.

Flesh Disordered Bodies Medieval Dualism and the Denigration of the Flesh Body and Flesh in the Augustinian Tradition St Augustine’s Wives: Body, Flesh and the Feminine The Shadow of Carnality: Bernard of Clairvaux’s Allegories of the Flesh Blessed Bodies

17 18 23 26 31

2. The Eye of the Flesh Original Sin and the Fall of Vision Ocular Erotica: Commentaries on the Sexuality of Sight The Wounding Gaze Ocular Chastity and the Vulnerable Eye Theorising the Medieval Gaze

41 42 46 48 53 57

34 37

PART II PERSPECTIVA 3. Scientific Visions Scientific