SIGMA A Knowledge-Based Aerial Image Understanding System
It has long been a dream to realize machines with flexible visual perception capability. Research on digital image processing by computers was initiated about 30 years ago, and since then a wide variety of image processing algorithms have been devised. Us
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ADVANCES IN COMPUTER VISION AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE Series Editor: Martin D. Levine McGill University Montreal, Quebec, Canada
COMPUTER VISION FOR ELECTRONICS MANUFACTURING L. F. Pau SIGMA: A Knowledge-Based Aerial Image Understanding System
Takashi Matsuyama and Vincent Shang-Shouq Hwang
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SIGMA
A Knowledge-Based Aerial Image Understanding System TAKASHI MATSUYAMA Okayama University Tsushima, Okayama, Japan
and
VINCENT SHANG-SHOUQ HWANG Mitre Corporation McLean, Virginia
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
L i b r a r y of Congress C a t a l o g i n g - 1 n - P u b 1 I c a t i o n
Matsuyama,
Takashi,
Data
1951-
SIGMA : a k n o w l e d g e - b a s e d a e r i a l image u n d e r s t a n d i n g T a k a s h i M a t s u y a m a and V i n c e n t S h a n g - S h o u q H w a n g . p. cm. — ( A d v a n c e s i n t e 1 1 i gence) Includes b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l ISBN 978-1-4899-0869-8
in
computer
vision
and
system
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machine
references.
1. P h o t o g r a p h i c i n t e r p r e t a t i o n — D a t a p r o c e s s i n g . 2 . Image processing—Digital techniques. 3. E x p e r t s y s t e m s (Computer science) I. Hwang, V i n c e n t S h a n g - S h o u q . II. Title. III. Series. TR810.M38 1990 006.3—dc20
89-29221 CIP
ISBN 978-1-4899-0869-8 ISBN 978-1-4899-0867-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-0867-4 © 1990 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1990 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1990
All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
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Preface
It has long been a dream to realize machines with flexible visual
perception capability. Research on digital image processing by computers was initiated about 30 years ago, and since then a wide variety of image processing algorithms have been devised. Using such image processing algorithms and advanced hardware technologies, many practical machines with visual recognition capability have been implemented and are used in various fields: optical character readers and design chart readers in offices, position-sensing and inspection systems in factories, computer tomography and medical X-ray and microscope examination systems in hospitals, and so on. Although these machines are useful for specific tasks, their capabilities are limited. That is, they can analyze only simple images which are recorded under very carefully adjusted photographic conditions: objects to be recognized are isolated against a uniform background and under well-controlled artificial lighting. In the late 1970s, many image understanding systems we
