Signals in the Soil Developments in Internet of Underground Thin
This book provides an in-depth coverage of the most recent developments in the field of wireless underground communications, from both theoretical and practical perspectives. The authors identify technical challenges and discuss recent results related to
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Signals in the Soil Developments in Internet of Underground Things
Signals in the Soil
Abdul Salam • Usman Raza
Signals in the Soil Developments in Internet of Underground Things
Abdul Salam Department of Computer and Information Technology Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA
Usman Raza Department of Computer and Information Technology Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA
ISBN 978-3-030-50860-9 ISBN 978-3-030-50861-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50861-6 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
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Preface
The farming sector is mainly responsible for the world’s food needs; however, land degradation, contamination, poor agricultural techniques and practices, and urbanization are diminishing this resource. Therefore, given the rapidly increasing world’s population, soil must be considered to be just as important as other natural resources like water and air. Soil has billions of organisms which initiate chemical, biological, and physical processes required for fiber and food production, growth of the plant, and removal of contaminants from water, hence, an integral component of an efficient farming ecosystem. Soil has many applications in human life: as a foundation of structures that cannot be supported by rocks, as a widely used material in the construction section, as a way to supply antibiotics to fight diseases, and as storage media for important gases (e.g. O2 , CO2 , and CH3 ). Moreover, measures should be taken to prevent corrosion, soil movement, groundwater seepage, and other environmental effects to ensure that underground infrastructure (pipelines, tunnels, and basem
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