Similarities and Differences in Psychology
Addiction is marked by repeating a certain behavior while ignoring the potential physical or mental consequences. Non-substance addiction provides an ideal model for researching the emergence and development of addiction’s basic mechanism. Comparative stu
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Similarities and Differences in Psychology Yu Chen, Yan Sun, Si-Zhi Ai, Jason J. Li, Lin Lu, and Jie Shi
Abstract Addiction is marked by repeating a certain behavior while ignoring the potential physical or mental consequences. Non-substance addiction provides an ideal model for researching the emergence and development of addiction’s basic mechanism. Comparative studies of substance and non-substance addiction are helpful to reveal the common basis of addiction development. This article explores this topic from a psychological angle, touching upon sensation seeking, inhibitory control, attentional bias, intertemporal choice and environment. A review of previous literature urges future research to propose a biopsychosocial model of addiction and consider addiction’s effect on basic cognitive function alongside cognitive neuroscience technology. Keywords Substance addiction • Non-substance addiction • Psychology
Y. Chen Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China Y. Sun • S.-Z. Ai • J. Shi (*) National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China e-mail: [email protected] J.J. Li Program in Human Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA L. Lu Institute of Mental Health/Peking University Sixth Hospital and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017 X. Zhang et al. (eds.), Substance and Non-substance Addiction, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1010, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-5562-1_6
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6.1 Introduction All kinds of addiction affect brain and body’s biochemical processes [7]. However, it is not enough to attribute a certain addiction to biological and genetic predisposition [17]. We also need to take personal (e.g., cognitions, personality, etc.) and social factors into consideration. The essential feature of substance addiction is a cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms indicating that an individual continues using the substance despite significant substance-related problems, while similar to substance addiction in physiological and psychological changes, non-substance addiction is triggered by environmental cues, which are both described in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5; [2]). In addition to the above common clinical feature, substance addiction and non-substance addiction have similarities in phenomenon. For example, the abuse of nicotine and alcohol usually begins in adolescence and early adulthood just like some non-substance addictions such as pathological gambling and internet addiction [31]. In another example, female patients with pathological gambling have telescoping phenomenon (although
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