Simultaneous Detection and Serotyping of Salmonellae by Immunomagnetic Separation and Label-Free Surface-Enhanced Raman
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Simultaneous Detection and Serotyping of Salmonellae by Immunomagnetic Separation and Label-Free Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Jing Chen 1 & Bosoon Park 1
&
Matthew Eady 1
Received: 17 January 2017 / Accepted: 9 March 2017 # Springer Science+Business Media New York (outside the USA) 2017
Abstract Current detection and characterization techniques for Salmonellae are time consuming, and rapid methods could benefit investigation and control of foodborne outbreaks. In this study, the potential of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) in label-free detection and serotyping of Salmonella was evaluated. After immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and overnight culture, SERS spectra were collected from multiple replicates and experiments and analyzed by chemometrics. The detection/characterization accuracies were evaluated in real unknown mixture samples, which were confirmed by plating on selective agar plates and anti-sera agglutination tests. Prediction accuracies were found between 93 and 100%, 87 and 100%, and 67 and 100% for detecting Salmonella from other species, characterization of Salmonella serotypes, and simultaneous detection and characterization, respectively. When validated in mixture samples consisting of six bacteria, accuracies were 65–100% with increased misclassification. Overall, the approach may provide an inexpensive alternative within similar or slightly longer periods of time, but further improvement in spectral reproducibility and accuracy is needed.
Mention of trade names or commercial products in this article is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the US Department of Agriculture. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12161-017-0870-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Bosoon Park [email protected]
1
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, 950 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
Keywords Salmonella . Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy . Immunomagnetic separation . Label-free . Detection . Characterization . Food safety
Introduction Salmonella are a group of Gram-negative bacteria that cause gastrointestinal symptoms in humans and domestic animals. In the USA, prevalence of Salmonellae in chicken parts is as high as 24% (USDA-FSIS 2012), and multi-state foodborne outbreaks are frequently associated with Salmonella spp., leading to an estimated 19,000 hospitalizations and 380 deaths each year (Scallan et al. 2011). The significance of this pathogen in public health and in food industry calls for rapid and accurate analytical methods to be used in both detection and characterization in routine inspection as well as during a foodborne outbreak. Current gold standards for Salmonella detection and characterization rely on a series of pre- and selective enrichment procedures, followed by biochemical and serological confirmation, which typically la
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