Skin and bubble formation in films made of methyl nanocellulose, hydrophobically modified ethyl(hydroxyethyl)cellulose a
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Skin and bubble formation in films made of methyl nanocellulose, hydrophobically modified ethyl(hydroxyethyl)cellulose and microfibrillated cellulose Johanna Lyytika¨inen Kaj Backfolk
. Maria Morits . Monika O ¨ sterberg . Isto Heiskanen .
Received: 9 June 2020 / Accepted: 26 October 2020 Ó The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The use of nanomaterials and polymers from renewable resources is important in the search for sustainable alternatives to plastic-based packaging materials and films. In this work, self-supporting thin films prepared from derivatized and non-derivatized nanocellulose and cellulose derivatives were studied. The effect of drying temperature on the film-forming behavior of compositions comprising hydrophobically modified ethyl(hydroxyethyl)cellulose (EHEC), native microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) and nanocellulose made from methyl cellulose was determined. The interaction between the components was assessed from viscosity measurements made at different temperatures, the result being linked to a thermal-dependent association during liquid evaporation, and the subsequent barrier and film-forming properties. The effect of temperature on suspensions was clearly different between the materials, confirming that there were differences in interaction and association J. Lyytika¨inen (&) K. Backfolk School of Energy Systems, Packaging Technology, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, P.O. Box 20, 53851 Lappeenranta, Finland e-mail: [email protected] ¨ sterberg M. Morits M. O Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland I. Heiskanen K. Backfolk Stora Enso Oyj, 55800 Imatra, Finland
between EHEC–MFC and methyl nanocellulose– MFC compositions. The amphiphilic EHEC affected both the suspension homogeneity and the film properties. Air bubbles were formed under certain conditions and composition particularly in MFC films, dependent on the drying procedure. The presence of air bubbles did not affect the oxygen transmission rate or the oil and grease resistance. An increasing amount of MFC improved the oxygen barrier properties of the films. Keywords Barrier Hydrophobically modified ethyl(hydroxyethyl)cellulose Methyl nanocellulose MFC
Introduction Fossil-based polymers are used in packaging applications because of their high barrier properties and low manufacturing costs, but environmental concerns have increased the need to develop renewable materials for barrier applications (Lavoine et al. 2012) and interest in the utilization of cellulosic materials for barrier applications has grown considerably. The barrier properties of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) have been studied widely. During dewatering and drying, the fibrils form a dense network due to the strong interaction between the fibrils. The dense network and the crystalline regions of MFC hinder
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Cellulose
other molecules such as oxygen from penetrating through the film
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