Sleep, brain vascular health and ageing
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Sleep, brain vascular health and ageing Arehally M. Mahalakshmi & Bipul Ray & Sunanda Tuladhar & Abid Bhat & Muhammed Bishir & Srinivasa Rao Bolla & Jian Yang & Musthafa Mohamed Essa & Saravana Babu Chidambaram & Gilles J. Guillemin & Meena Kishore Sakharkar
Received: 16 March 2020 / Accepted: 13 July 2020 # American Aging Association 2020
Abstract Sleep maintains the function of the entire body through homeostasis. Chronic sleep deprivation (CSD) is a prime health concern in the modern world. Previous reports have shown that CSD has profound A. M. Mahalakshmi : B. Ray : S. Tuladhar : A. Bhat : M. Bishir : S. B. Chidambaram Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka 570015, India B. Ray : S. Tuladhar : A. Bhat : S. B. Chidambaram (*) Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka 570015, India e-mail: [email protected] S. R. Bolla Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan City, Kazakhstan J. Yang Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada M. M. Essa Department of Food Science and Nutrition, CAMS, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman G. J. Guillemin Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia M. K. Sakharkar (*) College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A2, Canada e-mail: [email protected]
negative effects on brain vasculature at both the cellular and molecular levels, and that this is a major cause of cognitive dysfunction and early vascular ageing. However, correlations among sleep deprivation (SD), brain vascular changes and ageing have barely been looked into. This review attempts to correlate the alterations in the levels of major neurotransmitters (acetylcholine, adrenaline, GABA and glutamate) and signalling molecules (Sirt1, PGC1α, FOXO, P66shc, PARP1) in SD and changes in brain vasculature, cognitive dysfunction and early ageing. It also aims to connect SD-induced loss in the number of dendritic spines and their effects on alterations in synaptic plasticity, cognitive disabilities and early vascular ageing based on data available in scientific literature. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first article providing a pathophysiological basis to link SD to brain vascular ageing. Keywords Vascular ageing . Sleep deprivation . Cognition . Synaptic plasticity . Neurochemicals
Sleep in evolution Sleep is the “reversible behavioural state of perceptual disengagement from, and unresponsiveness to, the environment” (Carskadon and Dement 2005). It involves an interplay of physiological factors and behavioural processes. Great apes by virtue of their inherent skills built sleeping platform which not only helped them to escape from predators (about 18 million years ago) bu
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