Smart electrical grids based on cloud, IoT, and big data technologies: state of the art
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Smart electrical grids based on cloud, IoT, and big data technologies: state of the art Asmaa H. Rabie1 · Ahmed I. Saleh1 · Hesham A. Ali1 Received: 14 March 2020 / Accepted: 7 November 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The smart electrical grid (SEG), that utilizes information for creating a widely distributed automated energy delivery network, is considered as an advanced digital 2-way power flow power system. Under different uncertainties, SEG is capable of self-healing, adaptive, resilient, and sustainable with foresight for prediction. Hence, SEG is considered as the next generation power grid. In this paper, a comprehensive survey on SEG as a new technology and operating models which will affect performance of distribution networks in the future are explored in detail. Most of the basic concepts affect such new technology like (Internet of Things (IoT), fog, cloud computing, and big data analysis) are discussed. A brief overview of IoT technologies is provided. It will explore the architectural structure of a typical IoT, cloud computing system, and different levels of the system. Furthermore, many classification methods and then electrical load forecasting (ELF) strategy that includes the preprocessing phase and the prediction phase have been discussed. Additionally, the different techniques used to manage big data generated by sensors and meters for application processing are explored. Feature selection and outlier rejection are discussed as a preprocessing process to filter the data, and then the load prediction process is explained. Finally, this paper covers the analysis of the load prediction phase in ELF strategy in which the prediction techniques will be reviewed. Keywords Smart grids · Load forecasting · Fog · Cloud computing · IoT · Data mining · Big data
1 Introduction SEG is a technological innovation to the traditional power system that affords resourceful and reliable utilization of energy resources (Sultan et al. 2017). Generally, through the introducing of data and communication technologies in the electricity grid, SEG enriches the generation, distribution, and consumption of electricity (Rabie et al. 2015, 2019a, b, 2020; Saleh et al. 2016). Really, SEGs bring thoughtful variations in the information systems to drive them as a new information that flows from the electricity grid. Taking a decision about which big data technology to use is serious although big data technologies offer suitable solutions for utilities (Rabie et al. 2019a, b, 2020). The emerging big data accumulated at all stages of the smart grid supports researchers and power system operators to improve the power system to operate in a more efficient, economic, * Asmaa H. Rabie [email protected] 1
Computers and Systems Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
and sustainable manner (Rabie et al. 2019a, b, 2020; Jaradat et al. 2015; Yang et al. 2019). In essence, the development and operation of SEGs have been improved by
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