Socially Assistive Robots: The Specific Case of the NAO
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SURVEY
Socially Assistive Robots: The Specific Case of the NAO Adam Robaczewski1,3 · Julie Bouchard1,3 · Kevin Bouchard2,3 · Sébastien Gaboury2,3 Accepted: 28 May 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Numerous researches have studied the development of robotics, especially socially assistive robots (SAR), including the NAO robot. This small humanoid robot has a great potential in social assistance. The NAO robot’s features and capabilities, such as motricity, functionality, and affective capacities, have been studied in various contexts. The principal aim of this study is to gather every research that has been done using this robot to see how the NAO can be used and what could be its potential as a SAR. Articles using the NAO in any situation were found searching PSYCHINFO, Computer and Applied Sciences Complete and ACM Digital Library databases. The main inclusion criterion was that studies had to use the NAO robot. Studies comparing it with other robots or intervention programs were also included. Articles about technical improvements were excluded since they did not involve concrete utilisation of the NAO. Also, duplicates and articles with an important lack of information on sample were excluded. A total of 51 publications (1895 participants) were included in the review. Six categories were defined: social interactions, affectivity, intervention, assisted teaching, mild cognitive impairment/dementia, and autism/intellectual disability. A great majority of the findings are positive concerning the NAO robot. Its multimodality makes it a SAR with potential. Keywords Socially assistive robot · NAO · Social interactions · Affectivity · Intervention · Assisted teaching · Mild cognitive impairment · Dementia · Autism · Intellectual disability
1 Introduction In the last decade, robot’s industry has expanded at an impressive speed. From the first industrial robot, Unimate, invented by George Devol in 1954 and commercialised by him and Joseph Engelberger in 1961, this field of research has come a long way [1]. We can now see all kinds of robots emerging, from the athletic robots to the socially assistive ones. They are all widely used in numerous contexts. Robotics represents a great avenue to contribute to solve problems, e.g. the engorgement of health care system, developing specific functions in many populations and stimulation of cognitive functions in elderly. According to [1], there are * Sébastien Gaboury [email protected] 1
Department of Health Sciences, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada
2
Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada
3
Ambient Intelligence Laboratory for Activity Recognition, LIARA, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada
five robotics generation: Prototypes of Robotic, Robotics Arms, Walking Robots, Behavior Based Robots and Humanoid Robots. Currently, we are in the fifth generation of the development of robotics, namely the Humanoid Robots, since 1996. Thus, humanoid robots could be named social
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