Soft dry electroophthalmogram electrodes for human machine interaction
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Soft dry electroophthalmogram electrodes for human machine interaction Xiao Cheng 1 & Chongzhi Bao 2 & Wentao Dong 1,3
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract Current soft surface electrodes have attracted more and more attentions owing to their potential applications in biological signal monitoring, human-machine interaction (HMI) and Internet of Things (IoT). The paper presents that soft dry electrode based on polydimethylsiloxane-carbon black (PDMS-CB) conductive polymer is designed and fabricated to continuous, long-term, stable electroophthalmogram (EOG) signal recordings for HMI applications. The features corresponding to the different eye motions are extracted from the EOG data via the soft dry electrodes. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) recognition algorithms are proposed to recognize eye motion behaviors for controlling the motion of the mobile robots. Experiment results have been demonstrated that LDA recognition algorithm achieves a relatively high recognition accuracy of 90.63% for recognizing four eye movements (‘Up’, ‘Down’, ‘Right’, and ‘Left’). The control commands are generated with different eye motions and transmitted to the mobile robot through WiFi communication unit, which the mobile robot is successfully controlled. The soft dry electrodes have the potential in a comfortable, simple, wearable and wireless control of rehabilitation devices. Keywords Soft electrodes . Electroophthalmogram . Human machine interaction . Conductive polymer
1 Introduction Eye movement behavior monitoring is widely used in fatigue detection (Tivesten and Dozza 2014; Huo et al. 2016), eye tracking (Al-Rahayfeh and Faezipour 2013), psychological detection (Jiaxin et al. 2015; Ning et al. 2019), which electroophthalmogram (EOG) data is required to integrate into electronic devices (Al-Rahayfeh and Faezipour 2013; Ebrahim et al. 2013; Jin et al. 2015). Compared to the conventional rigid electronic devices, flexible electronics laminated onto soft skin surface conformally, gives the solutions to the eye movement tracking problem for improving wearability during the long-term biological monitoring (Mishra et al. 2017; Huang et al. 2017). Soft dry electrodes are of great significance for physiological health monitoring, and * Wentao Dong [email protected] 1
Rail Transportation Technology Innovation Center, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China
2
School of Computer Science and Information Security, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
3
School of Electrical and Automation Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China
intelligent algorithms are also important to process the EOG data to recognize eye movement behavior for human machine interaction (HMI) (Huang et al. 2018). Wet or gel-based electrodes are still used to biological data recording, such as, electrocardiogram (ECG), electromyogram (EMG) and EOG (Polk et al. 2006). However, these electrodes are affixed on the skin surface with adhesive tapes which
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