Soil Fertility, Root and Aboveground Growth of Black Oat Under Gypsum and Urea Rates in No Till
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Soil Fertility, Root and Aboveground Growth of Black Oat Under Gypsum and Urea Rates in No Till Marcelo Vicensi 1 & Christian Lopes 1 & Victória Koszalka 1 & Renan Caldas Umburanas 1 & Julio Cezar Borecki Vidigal 1 & Fabricio William de Ávila 1 & Marcelo Marques Lopes Müller 1 Received: 18 November 2019 / Accepted: 25 February 2020 # Sociedad Chilena de la Ciencia del Suelo 2020
Abstract The residual effects of gypsum rates and the interaction with N -fertilization on soil fertility, black oat root growth and aboveground biomass yield under no till lacks information. This study evaluated soil chemical attributes up to 0.8 m depth and aboveground biomass of black oat in a continuous no-till area as affected by gypsum rates (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 Mg ha−1) and topdressing N -fertilization (0, 50 and 100 kg ha−1) to a Typic Hapludox in Southern Brazil. Black oat root growth was also evaluated for two gypsum rates (0 and 6 Mg ha−1) and all N treatments. Gypsum application increased Ca2+ and SO42 − -S fraction and reduced Mg2+ levels in all soil layers, and N -fertilization increased NO3− and NH4+ levels in the soil. Gypsum increased root length, superficial area and volume up to 0.8 m depth, while N-fertilization reduced root growth attributes in soil layers between 0.4 and 0.8 m depth. Gypsum increased (quadratically) the aboveground biomass yield of black oats in the two growing seasons, as did N-fertilization, but no interaction between gypsum and N -fertilization was observed. Gypsum can be used to improve soil fertility attributes, black oat biomass and root growth under no till. The higher N -fertilization (100 kg ha−1) increased black oat yield and reduced root growth in depth. In the average of the growing seasons, the gypsum rate of 7.36 Mg ha−1 applied 54 months earlier, associated with a rate of at least 50 kg ha−1 of N (urea) applied at the beginning of black oat tillering achieved the higher aboveground biomass yield. Keywords Calcium . Sulphur . Soil conditioner . Avena strigosa
1 Introduction Consisting mainly of minimum soil disturbance permanent soil cover, and crop rotation, no-till system (NT) reached the mark of 32 million hectares in Brazil (FAO 2012), and the area is expanding in benefit of soil conservation. Under this system, however, soil chemical conditions favourable to plant nutrition get concentrated in the surface soil layers (Zoca and Penn 2017; Bortoluzzi et al. 2014; Caires et al. 2011a; Zanão Júnior et al. 2010). Lime is applied on the soil surface, without mechanical incorporation, and there is low vertical mobility of chemical species formed after lime reaction,
* Renan Caldas Umburanas [email protected] * Marcelo Marques Lopes Müller [email protected] 1
Department of Agronomy, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste (Unicentro), Guarapuava, Paraná, Brazil
especially in variable charge oxisols (Rampim et al. 2011; Santos et al. 2008; Amaral and Anghinoni 2001). A soil fertility gradient forms and steepens along time, especially when farmers topdress all fertilizers
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