Sol-gel Nanohybrid Materials Incorporating Functional Thiacalixarenes for Non-Linear Optical Applications
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Sol-gel Nanohybrid Materials Incorporating Functional Thiacalixarenes for Non-Linear Optical Applications C. Desroches1, S. Parola1*, D. Cornu1, P. Miele1, P. L. Baldeck2, C. Lopes3, 1
Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, UMR 5615 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France. E-mail : [email protected] 2 Laboratoire de Spectrométrie Physique, UMR 5588 CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier , Saint Martin d’Hères, France 3 Swedish Defence Research Agency, Division of Sensor Technology, 581 11, Linköping, Sweden
ABSTRACT Macrocyclic thiacalixarenes have interesting non-linear optical properties. Thiacalixarenes bearing phenylazo, imino, ethynylic groups or platinum derived acetylides on the upper rims were designed, prepared and fully characterised. They showed interesting properties for optical limiting. Moreover these macrocycles are highly soluble in organic solvents and can easily be embedded in inorganic matrix using the sol-gel routes. Thiacalixarene based class I and II solid-state materials were prepared and their optical limiting behaviour was investigated. INTRODUCTION Optical Power Limiting (OPL) materials are being developed for the protection of electro-optical sensors and eyes against laser aggressions [1-4]. One property, which plays an important role for optical limiting, is the delocalisation of π-electrons. The optical limiting can also be improved by the formation of metal complexes due to spin-orbit coupling [5]. Functionalised thiacalix[4]arenes were prepared for optical limiting on the basis that they display delocalised π-electrons, they can be selectively functionalised either on the “upper” or the “lower rims” and are interesting species for the formation of metal complexes [6-12] . Moreover, the presence of electron donating sulphur bridges can play an important role regarding non-linear optical properties. Also, functional groups can be selected in order to increase the electron delocalisation over the molecule and to form metal complexes. The thiacalixarenes have also shown high stability upon heating, with decomposition temperatures in the range 210 - 320°C depending on the functionalisation. These macrocycles possess interesting non-linear optical properties, are quite soluble in organic solvents and are thermally stable. They are also an interesting class of molecules for the preparation of sol-gel hybrid materials for solid-state optical limiting devices. EXPERIMENTAL The synthesis of the functionalised thiacalixarenes, metal complexes and sol-gel precursors were previously described in the literature [12].
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For the preparation of class I materials, 20.6 ml of a solution of thiacalixarene in THF (1.8 mM) was added to a solution of tetramethylorthosilicate TMOS (3.7 ml) in ethanol (1
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