Solar Neutrons and Related Phenomena
This book presents the first comprehensive compilation and review of the extensive body of experimental and theoretical material on solar neutrons and related phenomena published in the scientific literature over the last sixty years. Phenomena related to
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Astrophysics and Space Science Library EDITORIALBOARD Chairman W.B. BURTON, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, Virginia, U.S.A. ([email protected]); University of Leiden, The Netherlands ([email protected]) F. BERTOLA, University of Padua, Italy J.P. CASSINELLI, University of Wisconsin, Madison, U.S.A. C.J. CESARSKY, European Southern Observatory, Garchingbei Mu¨nchen, Germany P. EHRENFREUND, Leiden University, The Netherlands O. ENGVOLD, University of Oslo, Norway A. HECK, Strasbourg Astronomical Observatory, France E.P.J. VAN DEN HEUVEL, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands V.M. KASPI, McGill University, Montreal, Canada J.M.E. KUIJPERS, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands H. VAN DER LAAN, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands P.G. MURDIN, Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge, UK F. PACINI, Istituto Astronomia Arcetri, Firenze, Italy V. RADHAKRISHNAN, Raman Research Institute, Bangalore, India B.V. SOMOV, Astronomical Institute, Moscow State University, Russia R.A. SUNYAEV, Space Research Institute, Moscow, Russia
Lev Dorman
Solar Neutrons and Related Phenomena
Prof. Lev I. Dorman Head of Israel Cosmic Rays & Space Weather Center and Emilio Se´gre Observatory Affiliated to Tel Aviv University and Israel Space Agency, Israel Chief Scientist of Cosmic Ray Department of N.V. Pushkov IZMIRAN Russian Academy of Sciences, Troitsk, Russia P.O. Box 2217, Qazrin 12900, Israel [email protected], [email protected]
ISSN 0067-0057 ISBN 978-90-481-3736-7 e-ISBN 978-90-481-3737-4 DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-3737-4 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2010930378 # Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Cover figure: LASCO C2 image of solar coronal mass ejection January 8, 2002, 18:54 taken by SOHO (ESA & NASA). Copyright: SOHO (ESA & NASA) Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
The Sun during great solar flare with region where solar energetic particles are generated; their interaction with solar atmosphere produced solar neutrons and gamma rays (Photo from satellite. Adopted from Internet)
Vitaly Ginzburg (1916–2009) Dedicated to the memory of my father-in-law Prof. Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg, Academician, Nobel Laureate
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Preface
Short Historical Overview In the 1940s, two phenomena in the field of cosmic rays (CR) forced scientists to think that the Sun is a powerful source of high-energy particles. One of these was discovered because of the daily solar variation of CR, which the maximum number of CR observed
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