Solar System Astrophysics Planetary Atmospheres and the Outer Solar

Solar System Astrophysics opens with coverage of the atmospheres, ionospheres and magnetospheres of the Earth, Venus and Mars and the magnetosphere of Mercury. The book then provides an introduction to meteorology and treating the physics and chemistry of

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Eugene F. Milone William J.F.Wilson

Solar System Astrophysics Planetary Atmospheres and the Outer Solar System

Series Editors:

G. B¨orner, Garching, Germany A. Burkert, M¨unchen, Germany W. B. Burton, Charlottesville, VA, USA and Leiden, The Netherlands M. A. Dopita, Canberra, Australia A. Eckart, K¨oln, Germany T. Encrenaz, Meudon, France E. K. Grebel, Heidelberg, Germany B. Leibundgut, Garching, Germany J. Lequeux, Paris, France A. Maeder, Sauverny, Switzerland V. Trimble, College Park, MD, and Irvine, CA, USA

Eugene F. Milone and William J. F. Wilson

Solar System Astrophysics Planetary Atmospheres and the Outer Solar System

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Eugene F. Milone Dept. Physics & Astronomy University of Calgary, Calgary 2500 University Drive NW Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada [email protected]

Willam J. F. Wilson Dept. Physics & Astronomy University of Calgary, Calgary 2500 University Drive NW Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada [email protected]

Cover Illustration: “Mysterium Cosmographicum” by David Mouritsen Library of Congress Control Number: 2007933183 Astronomy and Astrophysics Library Series ISSN 0941-7834 ISBN: 978-0-387-73156-8 ISBN: 978-0-387-73153-7 (set)

e-ISBN: 978-0-387-73157-5

Printed on acid-free paper. © 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Observing the Sun, along with a few other aspects of astronomy, can be dangerous. Neither the publisher nor the author accepts any legal responsibility or liability for personal loss or injury caused, or alleged to have been caused, by any information or recommendation contained in this book. 987654321 springer.com

Preface

This work is appearing in two parts because its mass is the result of combining detailed exposition and recent scholarship. Book I, dealing mainly with the inner solar system, and Book II, mainly on the outer solar system, represent the combined, annually updated, course notes of E. F. Milone and W. J. F. Wilson for the undergraduate course in solar system astrophysics that has been taught as part of the Astrophysics Program at the University of Calgary since the 1970s. The course, and so the book, assumes an initial course in astronomy and first-year courses in mathematics and physics. The relevant concepts of mathematics, geology, and chemistry that are required for the course are introduced within the text itself. Solar S