Solitons and Instantons in Vacuum Stability: Physical Phenomena
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Solitons and Instantons in Vacuum Stability: Physical Phenomena 4 · Juan F. Mar´ın5 ´ 1 · A. Bellor´ın2 · L. E. Guerrero3 · S. Jimenez ´ J. A. Gonzalez
6 ´ · L. Vazquez
Received: 27 May 2020 © Sociedade Brasileira de F´ısica 2020
Abstract In a previous paper (JCAP06, 033, 2018), we have proved that it is possible to have a stable false vacuum in a potential that is unbounded from below. In this paper, we discuss the physics related to our theoretical and numerical results. We show that the results of recent CERN experiments lead to the fact that our vacuum is safe. We present a new mechanism, where the space-time dimension plays an important role that explains why our universe is stable. We provide new evidence that supports a process for the origin of matter-antimatter asymmetry recently introduced by other scientists. We examine confinement in the context of escape problems. We discuss multiverse, string theory landscape, and extra-dimensions using our framework. Finally, we use our solutions to introduce some hypotheses about dark matter and dark energy. Keywords Solitons · Bubbles · Instantons · Vacuum decay
1 Introduction First-order phase transition is one of the most important problems in condensed matter, particle physics, and cosmology [1–10]. This field has applications in vacuum stability [1], quark confinement [3], and cosmological models [11]. The physics of this phenomenon has long been discussed in the literature [12–32]. It is very similar to the nucleation processes of statistical physics, the crystallization of supersaturated solution or the boiling of superheated fluid. Suppose Fig. 1 represents the free energy of a fluid as a function of density. The phase φ = φ3 corresponds to the superheated fluid phase and φ = φ1 to the vapor phase. Thermodynamic processes are continually causing bubbles of the vapor phase to materialize in the fluid phase. If the bubble is too small, it will shrink and will disappear. On the other hand, if the formed bubble is large enough, there are thermodynamic conditions energetically favorable for the bubble to grow. This bubble will expand until it converts the available fluid to vapor [19]. The generation and stability of bubbles are also relevant in cosmological models of the fate of the universe [20–24, 33]. According to the Standard Model (SM), the recently
J. A. Gonz´alez
[email protected]
Extended author information available on the last page of the article.
measured masses of the Higgs boson’s and top quark suggest that our universe is currently in a metastable state of the Higgs potential [35–37]. Such kind of metastable states are termed as false vacuum states and are similar to the phase φ = φ3 in the potential of Fig. 1. Therefore, due to quantum fluctuations, a phase transition may occur from the current false vacuum to a true vacuum state—a global minimum in the Higgs potential. In such a new vacuum state, which is similar to the phase φ = φ1 in Fig. 1, the way in which elementary particles interact would be complet
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