Some generalities in the analyses of equilibria in lonic solutions
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Some Generalities in the Analyses of Equilibria in Ionic Solutions
ROBERT A. RAPP ROBERT F. MEHL AWARD MEDALIST
Despite great differences in the physical and chemical properties of various ionic media, common methods for analyzing internal equilibrium provide useful and simple means for interpreting and predicting their behavior. The formalism of M. Pourbaix for analyzing the activities and solubilities of solutes in aqueous solutions has provided a foundation for interpreting corrosion, solubilities, and electrochemical phenomena for such solutions. Although perhaps not so obvious, the formalism of Kroger–Vink (K–V) in plotting the point defect concentrations for ionic solids derives from the same mathematical method. Likewise, the activities and solubilities for solutes in fused salts, e.g., fused sodium sulfate, can be treated by exactly the same sort of simultaneous resolution of equilibria for reactions in an ionic medium. Suggestions for extension of this analysis to cryolite-base fused salt solutions important to aluminum extraction are discussed.
I. INTRODUCTION
PRIOR to addressing the technical aspects of this Institute of Metals Lecture, may I mention a few personal matters relative to my selection to receive the R.F. Mehl Medal. I The Institute of Metals Lecture and Robert Franklin Mehl Award is presented for leadership in the field of materials science and applications. This honor recognizes an outstanding scientific leader by inviting him or her to present a lecture, at the Society’s Annual Meeting, on a technical subject of particular interest to members in the materials science and application of metals program areas. Dr. Robert A. Rapp, Distinguished University Professor Emeritus at Ohio State University’s Department of Materials Science and Engineering, is The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society’s (TMS) 2000 Institute of Metals Lecturer and will receive the Robert Franklin Mehl Award at the 2000 TMS Annual Meeting. METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
was a graduate student in the Department of Metallurgical Engineering at Carnegie Institute of Technology during Professor Mehl’s last years as Professor and Chairman. I was a student in the courses on Diffusion and Phase Transformations that he taught, and I remember well the knowledge, teaching methodology, and scientific principles that he Dr. Rapp earned his B.S. from Purdue University in 1956 and his M.S. and Ph.D. from the Carnegie Institute of Technology in 1958 and 1959, all in metallurgical engineering. Dr. Rapp was a research metallurgist at Wright Patterson Air Force Base before joining the faculty at Ohio State. He has published over 245 papers and holds 20 patents. Dr. Rapp was a Guggenheim Fellow from 1972 to 1973, has held two Fulbright scholarships, and is a fellow of six US and foreign societies. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering. Presentation of this award took place at the 2000 TMS Annual Meeting and Exhibition in Nashville, TN March 12–16. 2000. VOLUME 31A, SEPTEMBER 2000—2105
imparted. He repres
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