Spark Plasma Extrusion and the Thermal Barrier Concept
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TRODUCTION
SPARK plasma sintering (SPS), also often referred as Pulsed Electric Current Sintering (PECS), Field-Assisted Sintering Technique (FAST), or Electric Current-Activated Sintering (ECAS), has been a known technology for almost four decades and is still studied worldwide. A detailed description of this technology is given in a review paper by Orru´ et al.[1] This interesting technology is highly motivated by rapid solid-state sintering for a various number of initial powder materials such as ceramics, intermetallics, metals, and/or their composites. For example, hetero-nanostructured FeAl metallic materials were successfully produced via SPS by Grosdidier et al.[2] and in a detailed review Munir et al.[3] studied SPS of intermetallic and ceramic materials under the influence of high heating rate, pressure, and current. Tokita[4] discussed the SPS of tungsten carbides which have uses as molds, press L. CˇELKO, M. MENELAOU, M. CASAS-LUNA, M. HORYNOVA´, M. REMESˇOVA´, and J. KAISER are with the CEITEC Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic. Contact e-mail: [email protected] T. MUSA´LEK is with the Activair s.r.o. Sadova´ 44, 746 01 Opava, Czech Republic. S. DI´AZ-DE-LA-TORRE is with the CIITEC Instituto Polite´cnico Nacional, Centro de Investigacio´n e Innovacio´n Tecnolo´gica, Cerrada de Cecati, Colonia Santa Catarina, Azcapotzalco, 02250 Mexico D.F., Mexico. K. MORSI is with the Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182. Manuscript submitted October 21, 2018.
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B
stamping dies, cutting tools, and machine components. Hussein et al.[5] obtained nano-grained Ti-Nb-Zr alloys through SPS with dental and orthopedic applications. In addition, Kim et al.[6] studied the conduction character of Y2O3-SiC specimens for the development of ceramic electric conductors and Mudinepalli et al. investigated perovskite ferroelectric-based materials with enhanced magnetoelectric properties potentially used in piezoelectric devices.[7] Modifications in SPS process parameters enable the manufacture of materials with different properties. Tokita was one of the first to study the influence of temperature and pressure in order to obtain functionally graded materials (YSZ/steel).[8] In addition, Wang et al. theoretically and experimentally studied how temperature and stress can affect the densification with respect to electrical potential.[9] Despite the relatively large effort already being expended in the field of SPS process as Grasso et al. summarized, most of the studies are still mainly focused on the production of simple disc-shaped samples using conventional design of graphite containers.[10] Only a limited number of publications were found that are related to enhanced properties in sintered materials, using re-design shape of the graphite container and/or the SPS process itself. For example, Tokita developed an automated electrical sintering
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