Special features of detectors, electronics, and trigger system of the ALICE setup
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ecial Features of Detectors, Electronics, and Trigger System of the ALICE Setup N. M. Nikityuk and V. N. Samoilov Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Scientific Center for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Moscow oblast, 141980 Russia Abstract—Special features and parameters of detectors, frontend electronics, and trigger electronics of the ALICE setup, which is intended for investigations of ultrarelativistic nucleon–nucleon collisions at the LHC and for studies of heavy ion collisions, starting from protons to several types of ions, which have 5.5 TeV/nucleon energy in the center of mass, are described. One of the first collisions of lead ions was recorded by the ALICE detector on November 8, 2010. DOI: 10.1134/S1063779612040065
1. INTRODUCTION General Issues. A large ion collider experiment (ALICE) setup is intended for studies of ultrarelativis tic nucleon–nucleon collisions at the LHC. In other words, it is constructed for studies of heavy ion colli sions at the LHC, starting from protons up to several types of ions, right up to lead ions with an energy of about 5.5 TeV/nucleon in the centre of mass [1, 3]. The experimental project was proposed in 1993. It is assumed that about 10% of operation time at the accelerator is granted for experiments at the ALICE setup. At present, these experiments are successfully performed. The large hadron collider (LHC) is the charged particle accelerator with intersecting beams. It is important to note that as early as the sixties, the essence of the collider was justified and designed in detail by scientists from Novosibirsk. Moreover, a number of small, successfully operating machines at colliding beams were constructed and tested. The LHC, created at the CERN, is intended for accelerat ing protons, heavy ions, and, primarily, lead ions, and for studies of products of their collisions. Over 10000 scientists, engineers, and technicians from more than 100 countries have been participating in the construction and investigations [4]. The collider is called “large” because of its sizes (the length of the main ring of the accelerator is 26690 m). It is called “hadron” since it accelerates hadrons, i.e., particles consisting of quarks, and it is a collider, since particle beams are accelerated in opposite directions and col lide at special collision points. The Russian scientists take an active part both in the construction of the LHC and in the design and construction of all detectors, which should operate at the collider. Physical setups at the LHC. Four main and three auxiliary detectors operate at the LHC: (i) A Large Ion Collider Experiment (ALICE);
(ii) A Toroidal LHC ApparatuS (ATLAS); (iii) Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS); (iv) The Large Hadron Collider beauty experiment (LHCb); (v) TOTal Elastic and diffractive cross section Measurement (TOTEM); (vi) Large Hadron Collider forward (LHCf); and (vii) Monopole and Exotics Detector At the LHC (MoEDAL). ATLAS, CMS, ALICE, and LHCb are the large detectors, placed around the beam collision points. The TOTEM and LHCf setups are auxiliary
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