Species Diversity of Animals in Japan

This book summarizes the status quo of the knowledge about the biodiversity in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine animals that live in Japan. Consisting of some 6,800 islands that are arrayed for approximately 3,500 km from north to south, the Japanese a

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Masaharu Motokawa Hiroshi Kajihara Editors

Species Diversity of Animals in Japan

Diversity and Commonality in Animals

Series editors Takahiro Asami Matsumoto, Japan Hiroshi Kajihara Sapporo, Japan Kazuya Kobayashi Hirosaki, Japan Osamu Koizumi Fukuoka, Japan Masaharu Motokawa Kyoto, Japan Kiyoshi Naruse Okazaki, Japan Akiko Satoh Hiroshima, Japan Kazufumi Takamune Kumamoto, Japan Hideaki Takeuchi Okayama, Japan Michiyasu Yoshikuni Fukuoka, Japan

The book series Diversity and Commonality in Animals publishes refereed volumes on all aspects of zoology, with a special focus on both common and unique features of biological systems for better understanding of animal biology. Originating from a common ancestor, animals share universal mechanisms, but during the process of evolution, a large variety of animals have acquired their unique morphologies and functions to adapt to the environment in the struggle for existence. Topics covered include taxonomy, behavior, developmental biology, endocrinology, neuroscience, and evolution. The series is an official publication of The Zoological Society of Japan. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13528

Masaharu Motokawa • Hiroshi Kajihara Editors

Species Diversity of Animals in Japan

Editors Masaharu Motokawa The Kyoto University Museum Kyoto University Kyoto Japan

Hiroshi Kajihara Faculty of Science Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan

ISSN 2509-5536 ISSN 2509-5544 (electronic) Diversity and Commonality in Animals ISBN 978-4-431-56430-0 ISBN 978-4-431-56432-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-56432-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016959264 © Springer Japan 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Japan KK

Preface

Consisting of some 6800 islands and extending approximately 3500 km from north (45.6 N) to south (20.4 N), the Japanese archipelago along the eastern peri