Specific Heats at Low Temperatures
This work was begun quite some time ago at the University of Oxford during the tenure of an Overseas Scholarship of the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 and was completed at Banga lore when the author was being supported by a maintenance allow
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THE INTERNATIONAL CRYOGENICS MONOGRAPH SERIES General Editors
Dr. K. Mendelssohn, F. R. S. The Clarendon Laboratory Oxford, England
H. J. Goldsmid G. T. Meaden E. S. R. Gopal
Dr. K. D. Timmerhaus University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado
Thermoelectric Refrigeration, 1964 Electrical Resistance of Metals, 1965 Specific Heats at Low Temperatures, 1
Volumes in preparation
D. H. Parkinson and B. Mulhall J. L. Olsen and S. Gygax A. J. Croft and P. V. E. McClintock G. K. Gaule M. G. Zabetakis F. B. Canfield W. E. Keller S. Ramaseshan P. Glaser and A. Wechsler
Very High Magnetic Fields Superconductivity for Engineers Cryogenic Laboratory Equipment Superconductivity in Elements, Alloys, and Compounds Cryogenic Safety Low-Temperature Phase Equilibria Helium-3 and Helium-4 Low-Temperature Crystallography Cryogenic Insulation Systems
SPECIFIC HEATS AT LOW TEMPERATURES E. S. R. Gopal
Department at Physics, Indian Institute Bangalore, India
at Science
ALBERT EMANUEL LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON
PLENUM PRESS NEW YORK 1966
ISBN 978-1-4684-9083-1 ISBN 978-1-4684-9081-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4684-9081-7
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 65-11339 © 1966 Plenum Press
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1966
A Division 01 Consultants Bureau Enterprises, [ne. 227 W. 17th St., N ew York, N. Y. 10011 All rights reserved
Preface This work was begun quite some time ago at the University of Oxford during the tenure of an Overseas Scholarship of the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 and was completed at Bangalore when the author was being supported by a maintenance allowance from the CSIR Pool for unemployed scientists. It is hoped that significant developments taking place as late as the beginning of 1965 have been incorporated. The initial impetus and inspiration for the work came from Dr. K. Mendelssohn. To him and to Drs. R. W. Hill and N. E. Phillips, who went through the whole of the text, the author is obliged in more ways than one. For permission to use figures and other materials, grateful thanks are tendered to the concerned workers and institutions. The author is not so sanguine as to imagine that all technical and literary flaws have been weeded out. If others come across them, they may be charitably brought to the author's notice as proof that physics has become too vast to be comprehended by a single onlooker. E. S. Department of Physics Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 12, India November 1965
v
RAJA GoPAL
Contents Introduction ................................................................. . Chapter I
Chapter 2
Elementary Concepts of Specific Heats 1.1. Definitions.......................................... 1.2. Thermodynamics of Simple Systems............ 1.3. Difference Between C p and C v " •••••••.•••••••• 1.4. Variation of Specific Heats with Temperature and Pressure.................. 1.5. Statistical Calculation of Specific Heats................................. 1.6. Different Modes of Thermal Energy......... 1.7. Calorimetry ..................................
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