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le Size ▶ Manifold Learning ▶ Performance Evaluation, Overview ▶ Test Sample and Size

Scalability Scalability is the ability of a biometric system to extend adaptively to larger population without requiring major changes in its infrastructure. ▶ Performance Evaluation, Overview

Scenario Tests Scenario tests are those in which biometric systems collect and process data from test subjects in a specified application. An essential characteristic of scenario testing is that the test subject is ‘‘in the loop,’’ interacting with capture devices in a fashion representative of a target application. Scenario tests evaluate endto-end systems, inclusive of capture device, quality validation software, enrollment software, and matching software. ▶ Performance Testing Methodology Standardization

Sampling Frequency Scene Marks Sampling frequency is the number of samples captured in a second from the continuous hand-drawn signal to generate a discrete signal. ▶ Digitizing Tablet

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2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

Crime scene marks are generally any physical phenomenon created or left behind and in relation to a crime scene, these can be fingerprints, blood spatter,

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Scent Identification Line-Ups

intentional and unintentional damage, or alteration to objects in the environment of the crime.

to a fusion rule, e.g., the unknown sample is accepted only if both modalities yield an accept decision.

▶ Footwear Recognition

▶ Multibiometrics, Overview

Scent Identification Line-Ups Procedure where a trained dog matches a sample odor provided by a person to its counterpart in an array (or line-up) of odors from different people, following a fixed protocol. Scent identification line-ups are used in forensic investigations as a tool to match scent traces left by a perpetrator at a crime scene to the odor of a person suspected of that crime. The protocol includes certification of the team involved, collecting and conserving scent samples at crime scenes, collecting, conserving and presenting suspect, and other array odors, working procedures and reporting. Scent identification line-ups have evolved from simple line-ups that are used in human scent tracking/trailing, where a dog has to walk up to the person whose track it has been following and through some trained behavior indicate the person. ▶ Odor Biometrics

Score Fusion ▶ Fusion, Score-Level ▶ Multiple Experts

Score Fusion and Decision Fusion Score fusion is a paradigm, which calculates similarity scores for each of the two modalities, then combines the two scores according to a fusion formula, e.g., the overall score is calculated as the mean of the two modality scores. Decision fusion is a paradigm, which makes an accept–reject decision for each of the two modalities, then combines the two decisions according

Score Normalization The score normalization techniques aim, generally, to reduce the scores variabilities in order to facilitate the estimation of a unique speaker-independent threshold during the decision step. Most of the current normalization techniqu