Spiritual Well-Being as a Predictor of Emotional Impairment Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
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Spiritual Well‑Being as a Predictor of Emotional Impairment Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Angela Sekely1,3 · Yimin Xie2 · Aalim Makani2 · Tyler Brown2 · Konstantine K. Zakzanis1,2
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability, with injuries classified as mild in severity being the most frequently sustained. While the majority of patients recover within 3 months post-injury, many individuals continue to experience debilitating emotional sequelae several months after the injury. While spiritual well-being has been shown to carry protective benefits against both depression and anxiety in the general population, it has not been investigated as a protective factor in this population. The aim of this study was to investigate whether spiritual well-being leads to a reduction in anxious and depressive symptomatology following mild TBI (mTBI). The Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory-II, and Spiritual Well-Being Scale were administered to a sample of 83 litigating examinees who had undergone neuropsychological testing to assess their present functioning secondary to mTBI. The existential well-being (EWB) subscale significantly predicted depressive symptomatology. These findings support the role of EWB as contributory factor related to depressive symptomatology following mTBI. Rehabilitation practitioners should consider treatment paradigms that address EWB as a primary contributor to reduce depressive symptomatology, which may ultimately lead to improved functional ability. Keywords Mild traumatic brain injury · Spiritual well-being · Existential well-being · Depression · Anxiety Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability (National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 2003). Injuries classified as mild in severity are most frequently sustained (75–80%) (Langlois et al., 2003; Setnik and Bazarian, 2007) and can lead to significant impairments in cognitive, emotional, and behavioral functioning (Belanger, Curtiss, Demery, Lebowitz, Vanderploeg, 2005; Hartikainen et al., 2010; Mathias and Coats, 1999; McCauley et al., 2014). Though symptoms typically resolve within 90 days post-injury (Belanger et al., 2005; Carroll et al., 2004; Iverson, 2005; Schretlen and Shapiro, 2003; van der Naalt, van Zomeren, Sluiter, Minderhoud, 1999), many individuals continue to experience debilitating emotional sequelae (Mathias and Coats, 1999; Bryant * Angela Sekely [email protected] 1
Graduate Department of Psychological Clinical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
2
Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
3
University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail SY171, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
et al., 2010; Konrad et al., 2011). Depression and anxiety are among the most common emotional problems following mild TBI (mTBI), with the point prevalence for depression being 14–29% (Rapoport, Mccullagh, Streiner, Fein
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