Spoken Language Dialogue Models
Spoken language interactive systems range from speech-enabled command interfaces to dialogue systems which conduct spoken conversations with the user. In the first case, spoken language is used as an alternative input and output modality, so that the comm
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Spoken Language Dialogue Models Kristiina Jokinen
3.1 Introduction Spoken language interactive systems range from speech-enabled command interfaces to dialogue systems which conduct spoken conversations with the user. In the first case, spoken language is used as an alternative input and output modality, so that the commands, which the user could type or select from the menu, may also be uttered. The system responses can also be given as spoken utterances, instead of written language or drawings on the screen, so the whole interaction can be conducted in speech. Spoken dialogue systems, however, are built on models concerning spoken conversations between participants so as to allow flexible interaction capabilities. Although interactions are limited concerning topics, turn-taking principles and conversational strategies, the systems aim at human–computer interaction that would support natural interaction which enables the user to interact with the system in an intuitive manner. Moreover, trying to combine insights of the processes that underlie typical human interactions, spoken dialogue modelling also seeks to advance our knowledge and understanding of the principles that govern communicative situations in general. The terms interactive system, dialogue system and speech-based system are often used interchangeably. In order to restrict attention to a particular type of interactive systems, we distinguish the terms in this chapter as follows. Interactive system is used as a generic term which refers to any automatic machine that the user can interact with. Interaction is usually conducted using natural language, although various non-verbal modalities such as gestures, facial expressions and gazing can also be used as means of interaction: it is possible to have multimodal interactive systems. Dialogue system is a subtype of interactive systems such that it includes a particular dialogue management component, the dialogue manager, which handles the interaction between the user and the system. The Dialogue Manager does not only manage interaction, but can also model the participant’s communicative K. Jokinen (B) University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia e-mail: [email protected]
F. Chen, K. Jokinen (eds.), Speech Technology, DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-73819-2_3, C Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010
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goals, beliefs and preferences, and encode rather complicated reasoning rules for cooperation and communicative principles. It creates abstract representations from the user input, and the representations can be further processed by the other system components. Thus the input in dialogue systems is manipulated on different analysis levels which determine the appropriate output depending on the particular dialogue context, unlike in human–machine interfaces which typically relate the input to the output directly. Finally, the term speech-based system refers to interactive systems with a specific interaction mode, i.e. speech; likewise, it is possib
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