Sporotrichosis in Mexico
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BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL PATHOGENESIS - REVIEW
Sporotrichosis in Mexico Conchita Toriello 1 & Carolina Brunner-Mendoza 1 & Estela Ruiz-Baca 2 & Esperanza Duarte-Escalante 1 & Amelia Pérez-Mejía 1 & María del Rocío Reyes-Montes 1 Received: 4 December 2019 / Accepted: 16 October 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Sporotrichosis is an endemic mycosis caused by the species of the Sporothrix genus, and it is considered one of the most frequent subcutaneous mycoses in Mexico. This mycosis has become a relevant fungal infection in the last two decades. Today, much is known of its epidemiology and distribution, and its taxonomy has undergone revisions. New clinical species have been identified and classified through molecular tools, and they now include Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto, Sporothrix brasiliensis, Sporothrix globosa, and Sporothrix luriei. In this article, we present a systematic review of sporotrichosis in Mexico that analyzes its epidemiology, geographic distribution, and diagnosis. The results show that the most common clinical presentation of sporotrichosis in Mexico is the lymphocutaneous form, with a higher incidence in the 0–15 age range, mainly in males, and for which trauma with plants is the most frequent source of infection. In Mexico, the laboratory diagnosis of sporotrichosis is mainly carried out using conventional methods, but in recent years, several researchers have used molecular methods to identify the Sporothrix species. The treatment of choice depends mainly on the clinical form of the disease, the host’s immunological status, and the species of Sporothrix involved. Despite the significance of this mycosis in Mexico, public information about sporotrichosis is scarce, and it is not considered reportable according to Mexico’s epidemiological national system, the “Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica.” Due to the lack of data in Mexico regarding the epidemiology of this disease, we present a systematic review of sporotrichosis in Mexico, between 1914 and 2019, that analyzes its epidemiology, geographic distribution, and diagnosis. Keywords Sporothrix spp. . Mexico . Epidemiology . Diagnosis
Introduction Sporotrichosis is an infection caused by the thermodimorphic fungi of the genus Sporothrix. The disease is characterized by nodular lesions in the skin and in the subcutaneous tissue, that subsequently ulcerate, mainly affecting the lymphocutaneous system, but rarely other organs. The transmission pathways are associated with organic matter, animal excreta, or also zoonosis [1–3]. Sporotrichosis is usually acquired through Responsible Editor: Carlos Pelleschi Taborda * Conchita Toriello [email protected] 1
Departamento de Microbiología-Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
2
Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Av. Veterinaria S/N, 34120 Durango, Mexico
traumatic inoculation with fomites (spines, debris), contaminated soil, and animal scratches [1, 4–6]. Because plant thor
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