Sport-Specific Balance
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Sport-Specific Balance Erika Zemkova´
Ó Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2013
Abstract This review includes the latest findings based on experimental studies addressing sport-specific balance, an area of research that has grown dramatically in recent years. The main objectives of this work were to investigate the postural sway response to different forms of exercise under laboratory and sport-specific conditions, to examine how this effect can vary with expertise, and to provide examples of the association of impaired balance with sport performance and/or increasing risk of injury. In doing so, sports where body balance is one of the limiting factors of performance were analyzed. While there are no significant differences in postural stability between athletes of different specializations and physically active individuals during standing in a standard upright position (e.g., bipedal stance), they have a better ability to maintain balance in specific conditions (e.g., while standing on a narrow area of support). Differences in magnitude of balance impairment after specific exercises (rebound jumps, repeated rotations, etc.) and mainly in speed of its readjustment to baseline are also observed. Besides some evidence on an association of greater postural sway with the increasing risk of injuries, there are many myths related to the negative influence of impaired balance on sport performance. Though this may be true for shooting or archery, findings have shown that in many other sports, highly skilled athletes are able to perform successfully in spite of increased postural sway. These findings may contribute to better understanding of the postural control system under various performance
E. Zemkova´ (&) Department of Sports Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University Bratislava, Na´br. arm. gen. L. Svobodu 9, 814 69 Bratislava, Slovakia e-mail: [email protected]
requirements. It may provide useful knowledge for designing training programs for specific sports.
1 Introduction There are several sports where static and/or dynamic balance is one of the limiting factors of performance. Its impairment can not only affect the outcome, but may also increase the risk of injuries. Therefore, rapid readjustment of balance after sport-specific exercise to baseline is considered an important ability [1–3]. For this purpose, the analysis of basic stabilographic parameters, such as sway area or trace length, and sway velocity, is provided [4–6]. The stabilogram displays the center of pressure (COP) coordinates as a function of time. The sways in the medio-lateral direction define the x coordinate and the sways in the antero-posterior direction define the y coordinate. Changes in these parameters can be observed during and after exercise. For instance, we can see predominant COP shift in one of the axes during sportspecific performance (e.g., shooting). Likewise, we can obtain a sway velocity–time curve to analyze the magnitude of balance impairment and its readjustme
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