Springer Handbook of Nanomaterials
Forewords by Claes-Göran Granqvist, Uppsala University, Sweden, and Neal F. Lane, Rice University, TexasNanomaterials inevitably have bright prospects, but even now they play an important role in many areas of industry. Some of these new materials are com
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Springer Handbook provides a concise compilation of approved key information on methods of research, general principles, and functional relationships in physical and applied sciences. The world’s leading experts in the fields of physics and engineering will be assigned by one or several renowned editors to write the chapters comprising each volume. The content is selected by these experts from Springer sources (books, journals, online content) and other systematic and approved recent publications of scientific and technical information. The volumes are designed to be useful as readable desk reference book to give a fast and comprehensive overview and easy retrieval of essential reliable key information, including tables, graphs, and bibliographies. References to extensive sources are provided.
Springer
Handbook of Nanomaterials Robert Vajtai (Ed.) With 685 Figures and 64 Tables
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Editor Robert Vajtai Rice University Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science 6100 Main MS-321 Houston, TX 77005-1827 USA
ISBN: 978-3-642-20594-1 e-ISBN: 978-3-642-20595-8 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-20595-8 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number:
2013942548
c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Production and typesetting: le-tex publishing services GmbH, Leipzig Senior Manager Springer Handbook: Dr. W. Skolaut, Heidelberg Typography and layout: schreiberVIS, Seeheim Illustrations: le-tex publishing services GmbH, Leipzig; Hippmann GbR, Schwarzenbruck Cover design: eStudio Calamar Steinen, Barcelona Cover production: WMXDesign GmbH, Heidelberg Printing and binding: Stürtz GmbH, Würzburg Printed on acid free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) 61/3180/YL
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Foreword
Nanomaterials are based on structures with characteristic features on the scale of nanometers. This size is small if we compare with normal things around us, but it is not particularly small on the atomic scale. In fact, distances between individual atoms are typically a tenth of a nanometer (an Ångström), so a piece of a material with a side of a nanometer may contain hundreds or even a thousand atoms. Therefore a nanomat
