Standardization of Forms in Governments
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RESEARCH PAPER
Standardization of Forms in Governments A Meta-Model for a Reference Form Modeling Language Hendrik Scholta • Dian Balta Jo¨rg Becker • Helmut Krcmar
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Michael Ra¨ckers
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Received: 2 March 2018 / Accepted: 3 September 2019 Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Forms are central interfaces for information exchange between a government and its citizens. As a way to translate laws into practice, forms are an essential part facilitating this exchange. Unfortunately, forms often require substantial development effort to ensure they comply with legal requirements, with the result that citizens often describe them as highly complex. Standardization of forms through reference modeling would help to minimize governments’ effort by reusing elements and would reduce complexity for citizens by providing a unified representation of information. The article contributes a meta-model for a modeling language that can be used in representing reference models for forms. It follows a
Accepted after three revisions by Jelena Zdravkovic.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-019-00623-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. H. Scholta (&) M. Ra¨ckers J. Becker University of Muenster – ERCIS, Leonardo-Campus 3, 48149 Muenster, Germany e-mail: [email protected] M. Ra¨ckers e-mail: [email protected] J. Becker e-mail: [email protected] D. Balta fortiss – An-Institut Technical University of Munich, Guerickestr. 25, 80805 Munich, Germany e-mail: [email protected] H. Krcmar Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85748 Garching, Germany e-mail: [email protected]
design science research approach to elicit form structure and editorial process requirements and to iteratively design the meta-model. The paper demonstrates and evaluates the meta-model using focus groups and application in three case studies. It extends research on standardization to reference modeling and government forms. Keywords Reference modeling Forms Standardization E-government Digital government Public administration Meta-modeling Graphical user interface
1 Introduction Forms are the central interfaces for information exchanges between the government and its citizens in the course of government service delivery (Klischewski 2006; Axelsson and Ventura 2007; Sourouni et al. 2008; Becker et al. 2012). Essential for any transactional government service delivery (Layne and Lee 2001), forms are objects containing information that are exchanged among the actors involved in a service. At the beginning of a service transaction, the citizen transmits information to the government through a form, such as an application form, that consists of fields that the citizen fills out. Based on that input, the government analyzes the information and decides whether the applicant is eligible to receive the service. If the decision is positive, the governme
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