Statistical approaches and hydrochemical modeling of groundwater in the Golpayegan Plain aquifer, Iran
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Statistical approaches and hydrochemical modeling of groundwater in the Golpayegan Plain aquifer, Iran Ghazaleh Mohebbi Tafreshi1 · Amin Mohebbi Tafreshi1 Received: 5 February 2020 / Accepted: 21 May 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract This research used the qualitative data of 32 wells for the hydrogeochemical study of groundwater in the Golpayegan Plain to investigate and determine the origins and sources of changes in the ions dissolved in the groundwater. A combination of graphical methods (Piper and composition diagrams) and statistical purposes (descriptive statistics, principal components analysis, and cluster analysis) was used to investigate the origins of ions in groundwater. The Piper diagram suggested that sodium chloride is the dominant type and facies in the groundwater of the region. The composition diagrams, the stronger correlation between N a+ and C l− ions (97%) than between C a2+ and SO−2 4 ions (81%), and the more linear relationship between these two ions compared to that between Ca and S O4 ions, suggested that the solubility process has had more influence on the quality of the groundwater of the region compared to the gypsum dissolution process. This reasoning was confirmed by the results of calculations regarding saturation indices of halite and gypsum. Based on the cluster analysis method, water samples taken from the Golpayegan Plain fell into three groups, and the origin of the high salinity in the samples to the effects of metamorphic structures and the presence of mudflat in this Plain can be attributed. Moreover, based on the results of factor analysis, it can be concluded that the solubility of halite, gypsum, calcite, and dolomite, sedimentation, and inverse ion exchange has had the most significant influence on the composition of groundwater in the region. Keywords Hydrochemical modeling · Golpayegan Plain aquifer · Clustering analysis (CA) · Factor analysis (FA) · Principal component analysis (PCA) · Saturation indices
Introduction Quality of groundwater is equally important as its quantity owing to the suitability of water for various purposes (Subramani et al. 2005). Groundwater chemistry depends on several factors, such as general geology, the degree of chemical weathering of various rock types, quality of recharge water, and inputs from sources other than water–rock interaction (André et al. 2005). Based on the study of the chemical composition of water, resources can be realized due to changes in water quality (Rezaee 2011). Many types of research have been done worldwide on the chemical composition of the groundwater quality with * Amin Mohebbi Tafreshi [email protected] Ghazaleh Mohebbi Tafreshi [email protected] 1
Department of Applied Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
emphasis on water resources, that each according to the need of water, various quality parameters were examined, of which can be Pazand (2016), Olofinlade et al. (2018), Ifediegwu et al. (2019), Nosrati (
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