Statistical Methods in Neuropsychology Common Procedures Made Compre
Statistical Methods in NeuropsychologyCommon Procedures Made Comprehensible David Aaron Maroof Statistics: not only the bane of many a student’s existence, but also puzzling to any number of mental health professionals. At the same time, they ar
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David Aaron Maroof
Statistical Methods in Neuropsychology Common Procedures Made Comprehensible
Preface
I realize that given the miscegenation between neuropsychology and statistics, dovetailing the two into a book, this book, would be a step in the right direction. That step includes the explaining of several of the uses and purposes of some very common statistical analyses. My intention is to simplify material that is all too often, perhaps unwittingly, bemused by authors who place greater emphasis on the mathematical algorithms and principles that underpin statistical analyses rather than simply describing their applications, limitations, and interpretations. My own discontent, as well as that of my colleagues’ and students’, with such common enterprises of concealing statistical knowledge in a mass of technical hugger-mugger—disaffects most—but it has only waxed my interest. The result is this Book. This is not the first and only foray into providing a more practical and concrete explication of common statistical strategies. However, this book remains distinctive in that it provides unsophisticated explanations of statistics with examples of neuropsychological inquiries. I am hopeful that this book will provide the reader with a basic, yet fundamental understanding of these methods; and that this knowledge will serve as a springboard with which he can accomplish more challenging statistics Orlando, FL, USA
David Aaron Maroof
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Acknowledgments
I would like to for express my gratitude to those who gave me the imprimatur and encouraged me to embark on this journey. My wife, Anju, was tremendous in bringing me to heel whenever I exhibited an occasional temper tantrum while writing this book (it happens to the best of us). And, our children, Jacob and Rayna: there is nothing more humbling and impressive than spending time with you. May your lives continue to upstage mine in every way, shape and form. I love you. I would also like to thank all my professors from Yeshiva University, my supervisors while on internship at Jersey Shore University Medical Center, in particular Dr. Angelica Diaz-Martinez, as well as faculty throughout my fellowship in clinical neuropsychology at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. In some way, you have all helped to transform an inchoate interest into an indelible passion. And for that, I thank you all.
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Contents
1
Introduction .............................................................................................
1
2
Validity .....................................................................................................
5
3
Assumptions of Statistical Analyses ......................................................
17
4
Exploratory Factor Analysis ..................................................................
23
5
Normative Data in Clinical Neuropsychology ......................................
35
6
Covariates and Covariance Analyses ....................................................
43
7
Regression Analyses ....................
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